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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...

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Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy and Pineal Biopsy from a Single Entry Point
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Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis: case report and Tc99m brain SPECT findings.

P Nicolao1, M Zoccarato, M Dalsasso

  • 1Service of Neurology, S. Maria del Prato Hospital, Feltre, Italy.

Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology
|May 11, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Bickerstaff

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis (BBE) is a rare autoimmune disorder.
  • It is characterized by a triad of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and altered consciousness.

Observation:

  • A young female presented with severe neurological symptoms following an upper respiratory tract infection.
  • Initial diagnostic tests, including MRI and SPECT, were inconclusive.

Findings:

  • Diagnosis was confirmed by detecting high-titer serum anti-GQ1b IgG autoantibodies.
  • Treatment with plasma exchange led to complete clinical recovery.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the diagnostic utility of anti-GQ1b antibodies in BBE.
  • Tc99m brain perfusion SPECT may have limited sensitivity for detecting brainstem lesions in BBE.