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Related Concept Videos

Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy01:16

Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

Confocal microscopy is an advanced microscopic technique. The prime advantage of the confocal microscope over other microscopy techniques is its ability to block the out-of-focus light from the illuminated samples using pinholes. It is widely used with fluorescence optics to obtain high-resolution, sharp contrast images. Unlike optical microscopes, confocal microscopes use a focused beam of light laser to scan the entire sample surface at different z-planes. These microscopes are, therefore,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Multimodal Volumetric Retinal Imaging by Oblique Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy (oSLO) and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
12:22

Multimodal Volumetric Retinal Imaging by Oblique Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy (oSLO) and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)

Published on: August 4, 2018

MEMS segmented-based adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope.

Silvestre Manzanera, Michael A Helmbrecht, Carl J Kempf

    Biomedical Optics Express
    |May 12, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    A micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) deformable mirror was tested in an adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope, achieving cellular-level retinal imaging comparable to other technologies.

    Keywords:
    (110.1080) Active or adaptive optics(330.4460) Ophthalmic optics and devices

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    Integrated Photoacoustic Ophthalmoscopy and Spectral-domain Optical Coherence Tomography
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    Published on: January 15, 2013

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    Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

    Multimodal Volumetric Retinal Imaging by Oblique Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy (oSLO) and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
    12:22

    Multimodal Volumetric Retinal Imaging by Oblique Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy (oSLO) and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)

    Published on: August 4, 2018

    Integrated Photoacoustic Ophthalmoscopy and Spectral-domain Optical Coherence Tomography
    11:21

    Integrated Photoacoustic Ophthalmoscopy and Spectral-domain Optical Coherence Tomography

    Published on: January 15, 2013

    Area of Science:

    • Ophthalmology
    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Optical Engineering

    Background:

    • Adaptive optics (AO) systems enhance imaging resolution in ophthalmoscopy.
    • Micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) deformable mirrors offer precise optical control.
    • Evaluating novel MEMS mirrors is crucial for advancing retinal imaging technology.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To assess the performance of a 37-segment MEMS deformable mirror within an AO scanning laser ophthalmoscope.
    • To evaluate the image quality and resolution achieved with this MEMS-based AO system.

    Main Methods:

    • A 37-segment MEMS deformable mirror with piston/tip/tilt capabilities was integrated into an AO scanning laser ophthalmoscope.
    • A Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor was used for closed-loop control and modal corrections.
    • Retinal images were acquired from normal subjects using a 6.4 mm ocular pupil.

    Main Results:

    • The MEMS deformable mirror demonstrated effective closed-loop operation and modal corrections.
    • High-resolution retinal images were obtained, resolving features at the cellular level.
    • Cone photoreceptors were visualized as close as 0.25 degrees from the foveal center.
    • Image quality was comparable to systems using alternative deformable mirror technologies.

    Conclusions:

    • The evaluated MEMS deformable mirror is suitable for high-resolution retinal imaging in AO ophthalmoscopy.
    • This technology enables visualization of cellular structures, including cone photoreceptors, in the human retina.
    • MEMS deformable mirrors represent a viable alternative for advanced ophthalmic imaging applications.