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Related Concept Videos

Menopause01:28

Menopause

Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
Genital Herpes01:23

Genital Herpes

Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection primarily caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), though herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is increasingly implicated in genital infections, particularly among younger populations. Transmission occurs mainly through sexual contact, with asymptomatic viral shedding serving as a major route of spread. This characteristic makes HSV-2 difficult to control at a population level, as individuals may unknowingly transmit the virus even in the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Use of Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay to Characterize Novel T-cell Epitopes of Human Papillomavirus
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Use of Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay to Characterize Novel T-cell Epitopes of Human Papillomavirus

Published on: March 8, 2012

HPV Reflex Testing in Menopausal Women.

Emily M Ko1, Rosemary Tambouret, David Wilbur

  • 1MGH/Vincent Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.

Pathology Research International
|May 12, 2011
PubMed
Summary

High-risk human papillomavirus (HR HPV) testing is crucial for managing abnormal Pap tests (ASCUS) in menopausal women, aiding in the diagnosis of intraepithelial neoplasia.

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Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Use of Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay to Characterize Novel T-cell Epitopes of Human Papillomavirus
13:41

Use of Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay to Characterize Novel T-cell Epitopes of Human Papillomavirus

Published on: March 8, 2012

RNAscope for In situ Detection of Transcriptionally Active Human Papillomavirus in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
10:26

RNAscope for In situ Detection of Transcriptionally Active Human Papillomavirus in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Published on: March 11, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Gynecology
  • Oncology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) Pap cytology screens require careful triage.
  • Menopausal women are often excluded from HPV testing protocols, despite potential risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the frequency of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR HPV) and intraepithelial neoplasia in menopausal women with ASCUS Pap cytology results.
  • To evaluate the role of reflex HPV testing in the management of ASCUS in this demographic.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of ASCUS Pap tests, HPV results, and clinical-pathologic data in women aged 50 and over.
  • Statistical analysis of HR HPV positivity, colposcopy findings, and biopsy results.

Main Results:

  • 25.29% of menopausal women with ASCUS were HR HPV positive, with higher rates in ages 65-74.
  • Biopsy confirmed intraepithelial neoplasia in 27.5% of HR HPV positive cases undergoing colposcopy.
  • 3.1% of HR HPV negative cases were diagnosed with dysplasia or carcinoma.

Conclusions:

  • Reflex HPV testing is valuable for ASCUS triage in menopausal women.
  • Pap test screening and HPV testing should extend beyond reproductive age to detect intraepithelial neoplasia in older women.