Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...

Knee Joint

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris group...

Ankle Joint

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...

Muscles that Move the Leg

Muscles that Move the Leg

The movement of the legs is facilitated by numerous muscles located within the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh.
Anterior Compartment
The quadriceps femoris, the most visible muscle of the anterior compartment, is integral for leg extension and thigh flexion. It is formed by merging four distinct muscles — the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris. The quadriceps tendon, a shared tendon of the four quadriceps muscles, is affixed to...

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

RFC1-related disorders: A case series of 4-aminopyridine and acetyl-DL-leucine treatment.

Cerebellum (London, England)·2026

Same author

Training in movement disorders during neurology residency in France: A national survey on educational gaps and future perspectives.

Revue neurologique·2025

Same author

Supplementary orthopaedic screening for children and adolescents to prevent permanent skeletal deformities - protocol for the "OrthoKids" study.

BMC musculoskeletal disorders·2023

Same author

Radial head distalisation with an external ring fixator as a therapy option in children with chronic posttraumatic radiocapitellar dislocations.

European journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society·2022

Same author

Disruption of striatal dopaminergic pathway: A new plot twist in dystonia genetic story.

Revue neurologique·2022

Same author

Early hyperdopaminergic state following sub-thalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson disease.

Revue neurologique·2022

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Destabilization of the Medial Meniscus and Cartilage Scratch Murine Model of Accelerated Osteoarthritis

Destabilization of the Medial Meniscus and Cartilage Scratch Murine Model of Accelerated Osteoarthritis

Published on: July 6, 2022

[Dislocations of the patella].

¹Klinik für Orthopädie, Olgahospital, Klinikum Stuttgart, Bismarckstraße 8, 70176 Stuttgart. t.wirth@klinikum-stuttgart.de

Der Unfallchirurg

|May 12, 2011

Summary

Patellar dislocation in children and adolescents has various forms, often linked to anatomical variations. Surgical interventions for recurrent dislocations improve stability but may not prevent long-term knee joint degeneration.

Area of Science:

Orthopedics
Pediatric Orthopedics
Sports Medicine

Context:

Patellar dislocation is a common knee issue in pediatric and adolescent populations.
It presents in traumatic, recurrent, habitual, and chronic forms.
Anatomical variations frequently predispose individuals to patellar instability.

Purpose:

To review the management strategies for patellar dislocations in young individuals.
To evaluate the efficacy of different surgical techniques for recurrent patellar instability.
To assess the long-term outcomes of surgical interventions on patellar stability and joint health.

Summary:

Initial traumatic patellar dislocations are typically managed conservatively, unless significant osteochondral fragments or soft tissue damage necessitate surgery.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Destabilization of the Medial Meniscus and Cartilage Scratch Murine Model of Accelerated Osteoarthritis

Destabilization of the Medial Meniscus and Cartilage Scratch Murine Model of Accelerated Osteoarthritis

Published on: July 6, 2022

Recurrent, habitual, and chronic patellar dislocations are best treated surgically, employing techniques such as vastus medialis advancement, medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction, and patellar fixation.

Alternative surgical concepts include trochleoplasty to enhance the femoropatellar groove.

Impact:

Surgical interventions like medial patellar ligament insertion medialization or trochleoplasty yield good results for patellar stability.
However, these procedures show mediocre effectiveness in preventing degenerative changes within the patellofemoral joint over the long term.