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Related Experiment Video

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A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

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Building the blocks of executive functioning: differentiating early developing processes contributing to executive

Dorothy J Mandell¹, Sarah E Ward

¹Department of Pyschology & Cognitive Science Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. d.j.mandell@uva.nl

Developmental Psychobiology

|May 13, 2011

Summary

Early executive functions in infant monkeys show two independent skills: managing novelty and persisting with tasks. These distinct abilities, crucial for cognitive development, emerge at different stages.

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Area of Science:

Developmental neuroscience
Cognitive psychology
Primate behavior

Background:

Executive functions develop early in infancy.
Early differentiation of executive function behaviors is not well understood.
Understanding early executive function is key to cognitive development.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate early-emerging executive functioning skills in infant and juvenile monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).
To differentiate key components of set-maintenance using an error analysis approach.

Main Methods:

Utilized an error analysis approach in Macaca fascicularis.
Related traditional task measures with identified major error patterns.
Examined behavioral differentiation of executive function processes.

Main Results:

Two distinct set-maintenance processes were identified in infancy and early juvenility: response modulation to novelty and persistence despite negative feedback.
These two processes, modulation of novelty response and persistence, were largely independent.
Modulation of novelty response was prominent in infancy, while persistence emerged in early juvenility.

Conclusions:

Early executive function, specifically set-maintenance, comprises independent components.
The differentiation of these skills provides insight into early cognitive development.
Persistence emerges later than novelty response modulation and predicts later task performance.