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Knee Joint

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris group...

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...

Ankle Joint

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

In Vitro Application of a Wireless Sensor in Flexion-Extension Gap Balance of Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty

In Vitro Application of a Wireless Sensor in Flexion-Extension Gap Balance of Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty

Published on: May 5, 2023

Feasibility study for a controllable orthotic knee joint.

S W Hutchins¹, K Miller, J Stallard

¹Centre for Health, Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences Research, University of Salford, Salford, Manchester, UK. s.hutchins@salford.ac.uk

Disability and Rehabilitation. Assistive Technology

|May 14, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel orthotic knee joint with a hydraulic brake, proving its feasibility for use in reciprocating gait orthoses (RGOs) for severely disabled patients.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

In Vitro Application of a Wireless Sensor in Flexion-Extension Gap Balance of Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty

In Vitro Application of a Wireless Sensor in Flexion-Extension Gap Balance of Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty

Published on: May 5, 2023

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Rehabilitation Technology
Orthotics and Prosthetics

Background:

Severely disabled patients often require advanced orthotic devices for mobility.
Reciprocating gait orthoses (RGOs) can aid ambulation but require robust knee joint mechanisms.
Existing orthotic knee joints may not adequately withstand biomechanical forces during gait.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate the feasibility of an orthotic knee joint with lock/unlock capabilities for RGOs.
To develop a knee joint suitable for severely disabled individuals, including those with paraplegia.
To assess the potential of a novel braking mechanism for enhanced orthotic function.

Main Methods:

Designed and manufactured three prototype orthotic knee joints with integrated braking systems.
Subjected prototypes to bench trials to evaluate performance against a 73 Nm sagittal plane bending moment.
Compared the efficacy of different braking mechanisms under simulated biomechanical stress.

Main Results:

All three prototype joints successfully sustained the required bending moments.
The hydraulic disc brake system demonstrated superior performance compared to other designs.
The hydraulic system was selected for further, more detailed testing.

Conclusions:

A hydraulic braking mechanism is feasible for orthotic knee joints, capable of withstanding walking-induced knee flexion moments.
This technology provides confidence for developing RGOs for patients with severe neurological dysfunction.
The findings support the progression to prototype design for advanced lower limb orthoses.