Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Inflammatory Response

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...

T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Sex chromosome-dependent epigenetic regulation underlies sex-specific H4 acetylation at the aromatase promoter in the developing mouse amygdala.

Biology of sex differences·2026

Same author

Role of Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor as a Biomarker of Chronic Pain in Older Adults.

European journal of pain (London, England)·2025

Same author

The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus as a central hub for the estrogenic modulation of neuroendocrine function and behavior.

Frontiers in neuroendocrinology·2022

Same author

Steroidogenic machinery in the adult rat colon.

The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology·2020

Same author

Sex dimorphism in an animal model of multiple sclerosis: Focus on pregnenolone synthesis.

The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology·2020

Same author

Development of new treatments for Alzheimer's disease based on the modulation of translocator protein (TSPO).

Ageing research reviews·2019

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Co-Cultured with Primary Mixed Glia to Reduce Prion-Induced Inflammation

Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Co-Cultured with Primary Mixed Glia to Reduce Prion-Induced Inflammation

Published on: August 11, 2023

Selective oestrogen receptor modulators decrease the inflammatory response of glial cells.

M A Arevalo¹, Y Diz-Chaves, M Santos-Galindo

¹Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain. arevalo@cajal.csic.es

Journal of Neuroendocrinology

|May 14, 2011

Summary

Selective estrogen receptor modulators like tamoxifen and raloxifene reduce neuroinflammation by controlling glial cell inflammatory responses. These compounds show promise in counteracting brain inflammation in neurodegenerative conditions.

More Related Videos

Improved 3D Hydrogel Cultures of Primary Glial Cells for In Vitro Modelling of Neuroinflammation

Improved 3D Hydrogel Cultures of Primary Glial Cells for In Vitro Modelling of Neuroinflammation

Published on: December 8, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Co-Cultured with Primary Mixed Glia to Reduce Prion-Induced Inflammation

Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Co-Cultured with Primary Mixed Glia to Reduce Prion-Induced Inflammation

Published on: August 11, 2023

Improved 3D Hydrogel Cultures of Primary Glial Cells for In Vitro Modelling of Neuroinflammation

Improved 3D Hydrogel Cultures of Primary Glial Cells for In Vitro Modelling of Neuroinflammation

Published on: December 8, 2017

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Pharmacology

Background:

Neuroinflammation, characterized by glial cell activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine release, is implicated in neurological disorders.
While glial activation is protective, chronic inflammation can cause neurotoxicity.
Oestradiol and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) can mitigate neuroinflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the neuroprotective effects of SERMs on glial inflammatory responses.
To evaluate the efficacy of tamoxifen, raloxifene, ospemifene, and bazedoxifene in reducing neuroinflammation.

Main Methods:

In vitro studies using microglia and astrocyte cell cultures exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
In vivo studies in rats assessing microglia activation and reactive astrocyte numbers after LPS administration or injury.
Analysis of cytokine and chemokine expression and release.

Main Results:

Tamoxifen and raloxifene reduced inflammatory responses in microglia and astrocytes in vitro and in vivo.
These SERMs decreased microglia activation and the number of reactive astrocytes after injury.
Ospemifene and bazedoxifene inhibited the expression and release of key inflammatory molecules in astrocytes.

Conclusions:

Oestrogenic compounds, including SERMs, effectively counteract neuroinflammation by targeting glial inflammatory pathways.
SERMs demonstrate potential as therapeutic agents for neurodegenerative conditions characterized by brain inflammation.