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Neurotransmitters01:31

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Gut-Brain Axis01:22

Gut-Brain Axis

The gut–brain axis is a bidirectional communication system that connects the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. This interaction is mediated through multiple pathways, including the vagus nerve, hormonal signals, immune responses, and chemical messengers produced by gut microbes.Microbial Contributions to Brain FunctionGut microbiota contributes significantly to brain function by producing neuroactive compounds. These include neuroactive compounds that influence neurotransmitters such as...
Receptor Downregulation in MVBs01:15

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Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
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Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors01:31

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Nuclear receptors, or NRs, are unique transcription factors that regulate gene transcription and affect the cellular pathways involved in reproduction, development, or metabolism. Their ability to be stimulated by small lipophilic ligands and control vital cellular processes makes them ideal drug targets. Nearly 10-15% of currently prescribed drugs target these receptors.
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Regulation of the Unfolded Protein Response01:31

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Inositol-requiring kinase one or IRE1 is the most conserved eukaryotic unfolded protein response (UPR) receptor. It is a type I transmembrane protein kinase receptor with a distinctive site-specific RNase activity. As the binding mechanics of the misfolded proteins with the N-terminal domain of IRE-1 are unclear, three binding models — direct, indirect, and allosteric -- are proposed for receptor activation. Nevertheless, it is known that once a misfolded protein associates with IRE1, it...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Visualization of Estrogen Receptors in Colons of Mice with TNBS-Induced Crohn's Disease using Immunofluorescence
08:02

Visualization of Estrogen Receptors in Colons of Mice with TNBS-Induced Crohn's Disease using Immunofluorescence

Published on: March 12, 2020

Estrogen receptor transrepresses brain inflammation.

David Gosselin1, Serge Rivest

  • 1Laboratory of Endocrinology and Genomics, CHUQ Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada.

Cell
|May 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) plays a key role in multiple sclerosis. This pathway suppresses inflammation and slows disease progression in a mouse model, offering new therapeutic targets.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Estrogen receptors (ERs) are linked to multiple sclerosis (MS) etiology.
  • The precise molecular mechanisms connecting ERs to MS pathology remain unclear.

Discussion:

  • Saijo et al. (2011) investigated the role of ERβ in a mouse model of MS.
  • Their findings reveal ERβ's involvement in a critical anti-inflammatory pathway.

Key Insights:

  • ERβ activation initiates a transrepression pathway.
  • This pathway effectively suppresses inflammation.
  • ERβ activation inhibits the progression of MS-like pathology in mice.

Outlook:

  • ERβ-mediated transrepression presents a potential therapeutic strategy for MS.
  • Further research can explore targeting this pathway for managing neuroinflammation.