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Related Concept Videos

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias01:28

Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias

Arrhythmias are irregular heart rhythms occurring when the heart's electrical impulses become abnormal. These disturbances can lead to various symptoms, depending on their severity and the underlying cause. Some common factors contributing to arrhythmias include hypoxia, ischemia, electrolyte imbalances, excessive catecholamine exposure, drug toxicity, and muscle overstretching. Arrhythmias can be classified into two main types based on the rate and site of origin of abnormal heart rhythms.
Conduction System of the Heart01:20

Conduction System of the Heart

The cardiac conduction system produces and transmits electrical impulses that prompt myocardial contraction, ensuring efficient heart function. This intricate system ensures that the heart beats in a coordinated and efficient manner, beginning with the atria and then the ventricles. The conduction system optimizes cardiac output by maintaining this precise sequence, which is crucial for adequate blood circulation.
This system relies on the unique properties of nodal and Purkinje cells:...
Conduction System of the Heart01:19

Conduction System of the Heart

Autorhythmicity is a term that refers to the heart's inherent ability to generate electrical signals and instigate muscle contractions. This self-regulating conduction system within the heart consists of two key components: the pacemaker cells and specialized conducting cells.
The pacemaker cells are located in two primary nodes: the sinoatrial (SA) node and the atrioventricular (AV) node. The SA node pacemaker cells can autonomously depolarize, triggering an action potential that leads to the...
Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm01:19

Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm

The normal cardiac rhythm is a synchronized electrical activity that facilitates the regular and coordinated contraction of the heart muscle. This process is essential for efficient blood circulation throughout the body. The fundamental elements involved in establishing and maintaining this rhythm include the unique electrical properties of cardiac muscle cells, the sinoatrial (SA) node's pacemaker function, the specialized conducting system, and the ionic mechanisms underlying each phase of...

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Related Experiment Video

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Microelectrode Array Recording of Sinoatrial Node Firing Rate to Identify Intrinsic Cardiac Pacemaking Defects in Mice
09:20

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Published on: July 5, 2021

Changes in ion channel gene expression underlying heart failure-induced sinoatrial node dysfunction.

Joseph Yanni1, James O Tellez, Michal Maczewski

  • 1University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.

Circulation. Heart Failure
|May 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Heart failure (HF) causes sinoatrial node (SAN) dysfunction due to significant changes in ion channel expression. This study reveals extensive protein remodeling in the SAN, impacting heart rate regulation.

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Methods for the Isolation, Culture, and Functional Characterization of Sinoatrial Node Myocytes from Adult Mice

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular physiology
  • Molecular cardiology
  • Cardiac electrophysiology

Background:

  • Heart failure (HF) impairs sinoatrial node (SAN) function, affecting the heart's natural pacemaker.
  • Understanding HF-induced changes in SAN proteins is crucial for explaining pacemaker dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate alterations in ion channel and protein expression within the SAN during heart failure.
  • To correlate these molecular changes with observed SAN dysfunction.

Main Methods:

  • Heart failure was induced in rats via coronary artery ligation.
  • Left ventricular pressures were measured to confirm HF model.
  • Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assessed gene expression in the SAN and atrial muscle.

Main Results:

  • HF rats exhibited increased left ventricular diastolic pressure and decreased systolic pressure.
  • Significant SAN dysfunction was observed, including reduced intrinsic heart rate and prolonged SAN recovery time.
  • HF led to widespread changes (58%) in SAN gene expression, contrasting with minimal changes (1%) in atrial muscle, with notable increases in specific ion channels and receptors.

Conclusions:

  • Sinoatrial node (SAN) dysfunction is a key feature of heart failure.
  • This dysfunction results from extensive molecular remodeling of ion channels, gap junctions, and associated proteins within the SAN.
  • Specific ion channel and protein expression changes in the SAN likely underlie the reduced heart rate observed in HF.