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Related Concept Videos

Mutations01:39

Mutations

Overview
Mutations01:35

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...
Mutations01:39

Mutations

Overview
Proteins: From Genes to Degradation02:11

Proteins: From Genes to Degradation

Within a biological system, the DNA encodes the RNA, and the nucleotide sequence in the RNA further defines the amino acid sequence in the protein. This is referred to as “The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology” - a term coined by Francis Crick.  Central dogma is a firm principle in biology that defines the flow of genetic information within any life form. The two fundamental steps in central dogma are - transcription and translation.
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA molecules by RNA...
Proteins: From Genes to Degradation02:11

Proteins: From Genes to Degradation

Within a biological system, the DNA encodes the RNA, and the nucleotide sequence in the RNA further defines the amino acid sequence in the protein. This is referred to as “The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology” - a term coined by Francis Crick.  Central dogma is a firm principle in biology that defines the flow of genetic information within any life form. The two fundamental steps in central dogma are - transcription and translation.
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA molecules by RNA...
From DNA to Protein03:06

From DNA to Protein

The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

A Protocol for Functional Assessment of Whole-Protein Saturation Mutagenesis Libraries Utilizing High-Throughput Sequencing
11:36

A Protocol for Functional Assessment of Whole-Protein Saturation Mutagenesis Libraries Utilizing High-Throughput Sequencing

Published on: July 3, 2016

From gene mutation to protein characterization.

David A Moffet1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, California 90045. dmoffet@lmu.edu.

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education : a Bimonthly Publication of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
|May 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Undergraduate students successfully introduced point mutations into enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) using molecular biology techniques. This hands-on biochemistry lab fostered discovery and connected key concepts from gene to protein.

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Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

A Protocol for Functional Assessment of Whole-Protein Saturation Mutagenesis Libraries Utilizing High-Throughput Sequencing
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A Protocol for Functional Assessment of Whole-Protein Saturation Mutagenesis Libraries Utilizing High-Throughput Sequencing

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Identifying DNA Mutations in Purified Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells
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Identifying DNA Mutations in Purified Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Undergraduate biochemistry courses often lack hands-on experiences connecting theoretical concepts to practical applications.
  • The enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) is a well-studied model protein suitable for genetic manipulation studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe a seven-week laboratory sequence for an undergraduate biochemistry course.
  • To engage students in the process of site-directed mutagenesis and protein characterization.
  • To connect major concepts of molecular biology and biochemistry through a novel discovery experience.

Main Methods:

  • Students performed literature searches to select specific point mutations for EGFP.
  • Sequence-specific mutagenic primers were designed and synthesized by students.
  • Mutations were introduced into EGFP via site-directed mutagenesis.
  • Mutant EGFP proteins were expressed in E. coli, purified, and characterized.

Main Results:

  • Successful introduction of chosen point mutations into the EGFP gene.
  • Expression and purification of mutant EGFP proteins.
  • Characterization of the resulting mutant proteins was achieved.

Conclusions:

  • The described laboratory sequence effectively integrates gene to protein concepts.
  • Students gained practical experience in molecular cloning, protein expression, and purification.
  • The course fostered a sense of novel discovery in an undergraduate setting.