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Depression: Overview

Depression: Overview

Depression is a prevalent mental illness marked by persistent sadness and lack of interest in previously enjoyable activities. It can take several forms, including major depression, persistent depressive disorder, and bipolar I and II disorders. Symptoms range from emotional changes like chronic worry to physical changes like sleep disturbances and suicidal thoughts. From a neurobiological perspective, depression is believed to be triggered by abnormalities in the brain's prefrontal cortex,...

Long-term Depression

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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If over time, all...

Long-term Depression

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Conventional Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Depression: A Step-by-Step Protocol

Conventional Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Depression: A Step-by-Step Protocol

Published on: November 21, 2025

A new neurofeedback protocol for depression.

Alvaro Machado Dias¹, Adrian van Deusen

¹Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil. alvaromd@usp.br

The Spanish Journal of Psychology

|May 17, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study reviews neurofeedback for depression, introduces a novel protocol integrating Alpha asymmetry and Theta/Beta ratio, and shows promising results in a single-subject trial, suggesting further research.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Psychiatry
Biomedical Engineering

Background:

Neurofeedback offers a promising complementary treatment for depression, supported by extensive research on electroencephalography (EEG) correlates.
Existing neurofeedback protocols for depression primarily target Alpha inter-hemispheric asymmetry and the Theta/Beta ratio in the left prefrontal cortex.

Purpose of the Study:

To conduct a literature review of neurofeedback protocols for depression.
To introduce a novel, integrated neurofeedback protocol for depression.
To present preliminary results from a clinical experiment using the new protocol.

Main Methods:

A structured literature survey was performed.
A new neurofeedback protocol was developed using software.
A clinical trial was conducted with one subject undergoing ten one-hour neurofeedback sessions.

Main Results:

Twenty-one articles on neurofeedback for depression were identified, with six reporting original experimental results, all indicating positive outcomes.
The new protocol integrates established methods (Alpha asymmetry, Theta/Beta ratio) and adds a novel component to decrease Beta-3 frequencies, potentially reducing anxiety.
The single-subject clinical experiment yielded favorable outcomes, supporting the potential efficacy of the new protocol.

Conclusions:

The developed neurofeedback protocol shows promise for depression treatment.
Further research and clinical trials are warranted to validate the efficacy of this integrated neurofeedback approach.
Neurofeedback, particularly with refined protocols, represents a valuable avenue for depression management.