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Related Concept Videos

Formation of Dilute Urine01:20

Formation of Dilute Urine

The formation of dilute urine is a critical renal adaptation that maintains fluid balance, particularly during periods of high fluid intake. This process primarily involves the juxtamedullary nephrons. By adjusting the permeability of water and ions in response to physiological conditions, the kidneys can either conserve or excrete water, resulting in concentrated or dilute urine.
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Osmosis01:30

Osmosis

Osmosis is the movement of free water molecules through a semipermeable membrane.  The water's concentration gradient across the membrane is inversely proportional to the solutes' concentration. Whereas diffusion transports material across membranes and within cells, osmosis transports only water across a membrane, and the membrane limits the diffusion of solutes in the water. Osmosis is a special case of diffusion.
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Osmosis00:47

Osmosis

Approximately 60% to 95% of the weight of living organisms is attributed to water. Therefore, maintaining appropriate water balance within cells is of paramount importance. Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane, such as a cell’s plasma membrane. In living organisms, water plays a crucial role as a solvent—a molecule that dissolves other molecules.Diffusion Versus OsmosisBoth diffusion and osmosis are types of passive transport—cellular transport that does not require...
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Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure of Solutions

A number of natural and synthetic materials exhibit selective permeation, meaning that only molecules or ions of a certain size, shape, polarity, charge, and so forth, are capable of passing through (permeating) the material. Biological cell membranes provide elegant examples of selective permeation in nature, while dialysis tubing used to remove metabolic wastes from blood is a more simplistic technological example. Regardless of how they may be fabricated, these materials are generally...
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Osmolality refers to the number of solute particles per kilogram of solvent in a solution. Plasma osmolality specifically indicates the total number of solute particles per kilogram of water in blood plasma. This value reflects the body's hydration status and is tightly regulated through mechanisms controlling water intake and output. While water consumption is a conscious decision, the body has intrinsic regulatory systems to maintain fluid balance. Dehydration, a state of water deficit...
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Updated: Jun 2, 2026

How to Stabilize Protein: Stability Screens for Thermal Shift Assays and Nano Differential Scanning Fluorimetry in the Virus-X Project
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Reduced protein adsorption by osmolytes.

Florian Evers1, Roland Steitz, Metin Tolan

  • 1Fakultät Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|May 17, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Nonionic osmolytes significantly reduce protein adsorption onto surfaces. This finding offers a method to control protein interactions for biomedical applications.

Area of Science:

  • Surface Science
  • Biophysics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Osmolytes are crucial for cellular adaptation to environmental stress.
  • Protein adsorption at solid-liquid interfaces is a key phenomenon in various applications, including biomedicine.
  • Controlling protein adsorption is essential for developing advanced materials and devices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of nonionic osmolytes (urea, trehalose, sucrose, glycerol) on protein adsorption at solid-liquid interfaces.
  • To quantify the effects of these osmolytes on protein layer characteristics like thickness, packing density, and mass.
  • To explore the potential of osmolytes for tuning and controlling nonspecific protein adsorption.

Main Methods:

  • Neutron reflectivity was employed to study the adsorption of model proteins (bovine ribonuclease A and bovine insulin) onto silica and polystyrene surfaces.

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  • Adsorbed protein layers were characterized in terms of thickness, protein packing density, and adsorbed protein mass.
  • Experiments were conducted in the absence and presence of varying concentrations of urea, trehalose, sucrose, and glycerol.

    • Main Results:

    • Nonionic cosolvents demonstrably affected the degree of protein adsorption.
    • Sucrose significantly reduced RNase adsorption by 39% on silica and 71% on polystyrene.
    • Glycerol decreased insulin adsorption by up to 80% on a hydrophobic surface, attributed to decreased protein packing density.

    Conclusions:

    • Nonionic cosolvents effectively modulate protein adsorption at aqueous-solid interfaces.
    • The observed reduction in adsorption is linked to decreased protein packing density within the adsorbed layers.
    • These findings suggest that osmolytes can be utilized to control nonspecific protein adsorption, offering potential for biomedical applications.