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Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
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The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the work done on it. A quantitative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics leads to defining a state function, the entropy.
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The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
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A living cell's primary tasks of obtaining, transforming, and using energy to do work may seem simple. However, the second law of thermodynamics explains why these tasks are harder than they appear. None of the energy transfers in the universe are completely efficient. In every energy transfer, some amount of energy is lost in a form that is unusable. In most cases, this form is heat energy. Thermodynamically, heat energy is defined as the energy transferred from one system to another that...
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Entropy driven atomic motion in laser-excited bismuth.

Y Giret1, A Gellé, B Arnaud

  • 1Institut de Physique de Rennes, UMR UR1-CNRS 6251, Campus de Beaulieu-Bat 11 A, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France, EU.

Physical Review Letters
|May 17, 2011
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Summary

We developed a thermodynamic model to understand coherent phonon dynamics in laser-excited bismuth. Our simulations accurately reproduce experimental data, validating the two-temperature approach for ultrafast phenomena.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Ultrafast phenomena
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Laser excitation of materials can induce complex dynamics.
  • Understanding coherent phonon behavior is crucial for controlling material properties.
  • Bismuth exhibits unique electronic and lattice properties under excitation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a theoretical model for coherent A(1g) phonon dynamics in bismuth.
  • To simulate and analyze experimental data from femtosecond x-ray diffraction.
  • To validate the two-temperature approach in ultrafast laser-material interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a thermodynamical model using the two-temperature approach.
  • Simulation of time evolution of (111) Bragg peak intensities.
  • Comparison with experimental data from femtosecond x-ray diffraction on bismuth films.
  • Utilizing ab initio calculations for model parameter determination.

Main Results:

  • The model successfully simulates the time evolution of Bragg peak intensities.
  • Excellent agreement between simulated and experimental results across various laser fluences.
  • Model parameters derived from ab initio calculations show good consistency.
  • The two-temperature approach effectively captures the phonon dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed thermodynamical model accurately describes coherent phonon dynamics in laser-excited bismuth.
  • The two-temperature approach is a powerful tool for studying ultrafast phenomena in materials.
  • Ab initio calculations are valuable for parameterizing theoretical models in condensed matter physics.