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Overview of Transposition and Recombination

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...

Transposons

Transposons

Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...

DNA-only Transposons

DNA-only Transposons

DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...

Gene Conversion

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Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...

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Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

FISH for Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis

FISH for Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis

Published on: February 23, 2011

Congenitally corrected transposition.

Gonzalo A Wallis¹, Diane Debich-Spicer, Robert H Anderson

¹Congenital Heart Center at the University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA. gwallis@peds.ufl.edu

Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases

|May 17, 2011

Summary

Congenitally corrected transposition is a rare heart defect with discordant connections. Diagnosis involves clinical signs and imaging, with surgical repair offering improved outcomes.

Area of Science:

Cardiology
Pediatric Cardiology
Congenital Heart Disease

Background:

Congenitally corrected transposition (CCT) is a rare congenital heart malformation.
It involves discordant atrioventricular and ventriculo-arterial connections, often with other cardiac defects.

Purpose of the Study:

To summarize the characteristics, diagnosis, and management of congenitally corrected transposition.
To highlight the importance of associated malformations in clinical presentation and prognosis.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on congenitally corrected transposition.
Analysis of diagnostic modalities including echocardiography, MRI, and catheterization.
Overview of surgical management strategies, including the double switch procedure.

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Main Results:

CCT incidence is approximately 1 in 33,000 live births.
Common manifestations include bradycardia, a single loud second heart sound, and murmurs.
Associated defects significantly influence clinical presentation, age of onset, and prognosis.

Conclusions:

Early diagnosis via fetal or postnatal echocardiography is crucial.
Surgical repair, often involving a double switch approach, is the primary treatment.
Prognosis is largely determined by associated malformations and timely surgical intervention.