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Related Concept Videos

Insufficient Sleep and Sleep Deprivation01:13

Insufficient Sleep and Sleep Deprivation

Insufficient sleep refers to not getting the recommended amount of sleep for optimal functioning, even if it's just slightly less than needed. Sleep insufficiency may occur due to lifestyle choices, such as staying up late for social events or work, resulting in routinely getting less sleep than required. For example, consistently sleeping 6 hours when the body needs 7-9 hours can lead to cumulative effects on health and well-being.
Sleep deprivation is a more severe form of sleep loss...
Substance Use Disorders Affecting Sleep01:24

Substance Use Disorders Affecting Sleep

Substance use disorders involve a pattern of using drugs more extensively than intended and continuing use despite harmful consequences. This includes legal substances like alcohol and nicotine, as well as illegal drugs. These disorders often involve both physical and psychological dependence, reflecting compulsive use of substances that significantly alter thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, contributing to a major public health issue.
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Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
Understanding Sleep01:11

Understanding Sleep

Sleep, an essential biological state, involves significant reductions in physical activity, sensory awareness, and interaction with the environment. This complex physiological process is primarily regulated by specific brain regions, notably the hypothalamus and pons, which govern the sleep-wake cycle or circadian rhythm.
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Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

Sleep-Wake Cycles

Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
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Nightmares and Night Terrors01:18

Nightmares and Night Terrors

Nightmares and night terrors represent two distinct types of sleep disturbances that differ in timing, characteristics, and the sleeper's recall of the event. Nightmares are vivid, disturbing dreams that usually awaken the sleeper from REM sleep, a stage of sleep where brain activity is high, and dreams are most frequent. Upon awakening, individuals often have detailed recollections of their nightmares, which can include themes of threats to survival, security, or self-esteem.
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Chronic Sleep Deprivation in Mouse Pups by Means of Gentle Handling
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Inflammatory pathways in children with insufficient or disordered sleep.

Jinkwan Kim1, Fahed Hakim, Leila Kheirandish-Gozal

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Comer Children's Hospital, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.

Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology
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Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in children is linked to inflammation and health issues, especially with rising obesity. Understanding this connection is key to managing childhood health and preventing complications.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Health
  • Sleep Medicine
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Sleep is vital for children's growth, maturation, and health.
  • Sleep disorders, particularly obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), are increasingly prevalent in children, exacerbated by rising obesity rates.
  • OSAS is associated with neurocognitive, behavioral, cardiovascular, and metabolic morbidities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the impact of insufficient/disrupted sleep and OSAS on immune processes and inflammation in children.
  • To explore OSAS as a systemic inflammatory condition in childhood.
  • To investigate potential interactions between OSAS and obesity in pediatric populations.

Main Methods:

  • Critical review of current research on sleep, OSAS, inflammation, and related morbidities in children.
  • Analysis of pathophysiological mechanisms linking OSAS to end-organ injury.
  • Exploration of the interplay between obesity and OSAS.

Main Results:

  • OSAS is increasingly recognized as a significant health problem in children, linked to obesity.
  • Activation of inflammatory pathways is a key mechanism in OSAS-induced end-organ injury.
  • OSAS may be considered a chronic, low-grade inflammatory disorder in children.

Conclusions:

  • OSAS in children is associated with systemic inflammation and increased risk of complications, particularly when co-occurring with obesity.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the multi-factorial mechanisms underlying OSAS-induced morbidities.
  • Addressing OSAS and its interaction with obesity is crucial for improving pediatric health outcomes.