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Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Development of Immunocompetence

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...

Teratogenicity

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...

Transcytosis of IgG

Transcytosis of IgG

Transcytosis is the process in which molecules are internalized by endocytosis, transported across the cell, and released through exocytosis from the opposite end of the cell. Molecules such as insulin, immunoglobulins, and certain nutrients are transferred through the recycling endosomes by recycling and transcytosis.
IgG molecules from a mother undergo transcytosis starting around 13 weeks of gestation. The amount of IgG transferred and entering the fetal blood circulation increases with...

Smallpox

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.

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Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Published on: July 31, 2021

Vaccination during pregnancy.

Pina Bozzo¹, Andrea Narducci, Adrienne Einarson

¹Motherisk Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.

Canadian Family Physician Medecin De Famille Canadien

|May 17, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Live attenuated vaccines like measles-mumps-rubella and varicella are generally contraindicated in pregnancy. However, noninfectious hepatitis B and tetanus vaccines may be considered if indicated during pregnancy.

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Area of Science:

Obstetrics and Gynecology
Immunology
Public Health

Background:

Vaccinations are crucial for healthcare students due to program requirements.
A patient, 6 weeks pregnant, received measles-mumps-rubella, varicella, hepatitis B (HB), and tetanus vaccines.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the safety of specific vaccines administered during early pregnancy.
To provide recommendations for vaccine use in pregnant or planning-to-be-pregnant women.

Main Methods:

Review of theoretical contraindications for live attenuated vaccines.
Analysis of available observational data on noninfectious vaccines during pregnancy.

Main Results:

Live attenuated measles-mumps-rubella and varicella vaccines are contraindicated due to theoretical risks.
No evidence of increased malformations or syndromes linked to these live vaccines.
Hepatitis B and tetanus vaccines, being noninfectious, pose no theoretical risk to the fetus.

Conclusions:

While live vaccines are contraindicated, observational data show no increased risk for hepatitis B and tetanus vaccines.
Hepatitis B and tetanus vaccines may be considered during pregnancy if medically indicated.
Further research may be warranted to solidify recommendations for vaccine use during pregnancy.