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Related Concept Videos

Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
Overview of the Skull01:08

Overview of the Skull

The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures
08:18

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures

Published on: May 16, 2025

Skull base reconstruction: an updated approach.

Matthew M Hanasono1, Amanda Silva, Roman J Skoracki

  • 1Houston, Texas From the Departments of Plastic Surgery, Head and Neck Surgery, and Neurosurgery, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center.

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
|May 17, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study updates skull base reconstruction algorithms, recommending pedicled flaps for limited defects and free flaps for extensive cases or those with prior treatments. Facial nerve repair is encouraged for better outcomes.

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Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery
09:53

Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery

Published on: July 5, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Plastic Surgery
  • Otolaryngology

Background:

  • Skull base reconstruction algorithms require regular updates based on evolving surgical techniques and patient outcomes.
  • The authors previously established a foundational algorithm for skull base reconstruction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an updated and comprehensive algorithm for skull base reconstruction.
  • To analyze reconstructive outcomes over a 10-year period.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of reconstructive outcomes in 250 patients undergoing skull base reconstruction between 2000 and 2009.
  • Comparison of pedicled flap versus free flap reconstructions.
  • Evaluation of complication rates and facial nerve reinnervation.

Main Results:

  • Free flaps were preferred for patients with prior surgery, irradiation, or chemotherapy.
  • Complication rates were similar between flap types, but recipient-site complications decreased significantly.
  • Facial nerve repair showed a 75% reinnervation rate by 12 months, irrespective of preoperative weakness or advanced age.

Conclusions:

  • Pedicled flaps are recommended for limited skull base defects due to lower morbidity and shorter recovery.
  • Free flaps are preferred for extensive defects or in patients with prior treatments (surgery, radiation, chemotherapy).
  • Facial nerve repair should be attempted in all feasible cases, including those with preoperative weakness or advanced age.