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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis01:30

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
There are various classifications for PH, each relating to different underlying causes and also...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses a challenge in...
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Calcium Channel Blockers01:26

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Calcium Channel Blockers

Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are two critical categories of drugs employed in the treatment of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). PAH is a disease that causes high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, resulting in chest pain, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
TKIs, such as imatinib (Gleevec), are particularly effective in tackling the growth and mitogenic factors that become upregulated in PAH patients. These factors contribute to the...
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Endothelin Receptor Antagonists01:18

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Endothelin Receptor Antagonists

Endothelins (ETs) are potent vasoactive peptides critical in the human body's various physiological and pathological processes. One of the most promising therapeutic strategies for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) involves counteracting the effects of these endothelins using a class of drugs known as endothelin receptor antagonists.
ETs are synthesized through a complex sequence of enzymatic steps, primarily involving an enzyme referred to as endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE). Of...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight, compared...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Increasing Pulmonary Artery Pulsatile Flow Improves Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension in Piglets
08:08

Increasing Pulmonary Artery Pulsatile Flow Improves Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension in Piglets

Published on: May 11, 2015

Recent progress in understanding pediatric pulmonary hypertension.

Steven H Abman1, D Dunbar Ivy

  • 1Pediatric Heart Lung Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

Current Opinion in Pediatrics
|May 17, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Pediatric pulmonary hypertension (PAH) requires specialized research due to unique challenges in children. More studies are needed to improve understanding, develop biomarkers, and define treatments for better outcomes in young patients.

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Evaluation of Right Ventricular Function in Experimental Models of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
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Evaluation of Right Ventricular Function in Experimental Models of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

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Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Increasing Pulmonary Artery Pulsatile Flow Improves Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension in Piglets
08:08

Increasing Pulmonary Artery Pulsatile Flow Improves Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension in Piglets

Published on: May 11, 2015

Evaluation of Right Ventricular Function in Experimental Models of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
10:03

Evaluation of Right Ventricular Function in Experimental Models of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Published on: June 27, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Cardiology
  • Pulmonary Hypertension Research
  • Vascular Biology

Background:

  • Pediatric pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in children with various underlying conditions.
  • Despite advances in understanding pulmonary vascular biology, unique challenges persist in pediatric PAH management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings and identify knowledge gaps in pediatric pulmonary artery hypertension.
  • To emphasize the need for pediatric-specific research distinct from adult PAH studies.
  • To highlight challenges in current therapeutic strategies and clinical endpoint definitions for pediatric PAH.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of recent studies and registry data on pediatric PAH.
  • Comparison of pediatric PAH characteristics with adult-onset PAH.
  • Review of existing therapeutic strategies and their limitations in children.

Main Results:

  • Recent studies reveal distinct differences in physiology, course, and genetics between adult and pediatric PAH.
  • Therapeutic strategies for pediatric pulmonary hypertension often rely on limited pediatric data and extrapolated adult study results.
  • Clinical endpoints for studies and patient care remain poorly defined in pediatric populations.

Conclusions:

  • Long-term outcomes for children with PAH remain guarded, with persistent challenges in understanding severe disease mechanisms and treatment approaches.
  • Novel biomarkers, defined clinical endpoints, and innovative interventions are crucial for improving care in young children with diverse causes of PAH.
  • Further pediatric-specific research is essential to address the unique aspects of pathogenesis and treatment in children with pulmonary artery hypertension.