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Related Concept Videos

Interference: Path Lengths01:10

Interference: Path Lengths

Consider two sources of sound, that may or may not be in phase, emitting waves at a single frequency, and consider the frequencies to be the same.
Two special sources may be considered when they are in phase. This can be easily achieved by feeding the two sources from the same source. An example would be synchronizing the two speakers by feeding them with the same source, such as the sound waves produced by a tuning fork. This setup ensures that the two sources have the same frequency and are...
Interference and Superposition of Waves01:07

Interference and Superposition of Waves

When two waves of the same nature occur in the same region simultaneously, they result in interference. Interference of waves implies that the net effect of the waves is the sum of the individual waves' effects. However, it does not imply that the individual waves affect the propagation of other waves.
Interference occurs in mechanical waves, such as sound waves, waves on a string, and surface water waves. Mechanical waves correspond to the physical displacement of particles. Hence,...
Bandpass Sampling01:17

Bandpass Sampling

In signal processing, bandpass sampling is an effective technique for sampling signals that have most of their energy concentrated within a narrow frequency band. This type of signal is known as a bandpass signal. The key principle of bandpass sampling involves sampling the signal at a rate that is greater than twice the signal's bandwidth to prevent aliasing.
A bandpass signal has a spectrum with a lower frequency limit, denoted as ω1, and an upper frequency limit, denoted as ω2. The spectrum...
Sound Waves: Interference00:53

Sound Waves: Interference

Sound waves can be modeled either as longitudinal waves, wherein the molecules of the medium oscillate around an equilibrium position, or as pressure waves. When two identical waves from the same source superimpose on each other, the combination of two crests or two troughs results in amplitude reinforcement known as constructive interference. If two identical waves, that are initially in phase, become out of phase because of different path lengths, the combination of crests with troughs...
Active Filters01:25

Active Filters

Active filters are electronic circuits that use operational amplifiers (op-amps), resistors, and capacitors to filter out unwanted frequency components from a signal. A first-order low-pass active filter is designed to pass signals with a frequency lower than a certain cutoff frequency and attenuate frequencies higher than that cutoff frequency. The transfer function for a first-order low-pass active filter is:
Passive Filters01:27

Passive Filters

Passive filters are utilized to shape the frequency spectrum of signals across a diverse array of applications. These filters, using only passive elements like resistors (R), inductors (L), and capacitors (C), are capable of selectively allowing or blocking certain frequency ranges without the need for external power sources.
Low-Pass Filters
Low-pass filters are designed to transmit signals with frequencies lower than the cutoff frequency, ωc, and attenuate those above it. The cutoff frequency...

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Diagonal Method to Measure Synergy Among Any Number of Drugs
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Is intelligibility of adjacent passbands hypoadditive or hyperadditive?

Richard M Warren, James A Bashford, Peter W Lenz

    Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics. Acoustical Society of America
    |May 17, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study investigated speech intelligibility in adjacent frequency bands. Results suggest that filter transition band slopes, not band adjacency, influence intelligibility, challenging previous hypoadditivity findings.

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    Area of Science:

    • Acoustic Phonetics
    • Psychoacoustics
    • Speech Perception

    Background:

    • Previous research suggested hypoadditivity for adjacent speech passbands and hyperadditivity for disjoint bands.
    • A study using high-order Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters reported hyperadditivity for all passband pairings, regardless of adjacency.
    • The role of filter transition band slopes in speech intelligibility models was unclear.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To determine if reducing filter skirts to 0.5 dB/Hz would yield the previously reported hypoadditivity for adjacent passbands.
    • To investigate the influence of filter transition band slopes on speech intelligibility.
    • To re-evaluate the additivity of speech intelligibility across different passband configurations.

    Main Methods:

    • Employed six one-octave passbands spanning the speech spectrum (0.25-8 kHz).
    • Utilized filters with 0.5 dB/Hz skirts, significantly steeper than previous studies.
    • Measured speech intelligibility for all 15 possible pairings of the six passbands.

    Main Results:

    • All tested passband pairings, including adjacent ones, exhibited hyperadditivity.
    • The findings did not replicate the hypoadditivity previously reported for adjacent bands.
    • Results support the hypothesis that overlapping transition band slopes contribute to perceived redundancy.

    Conclusions:

    • The steepness of filter skirts and associated transition band slopes appear to be critical factors in speech intelligibility.
    • Overlapping transition band slopes may account for the redundancy correction factors in existing intelligibility models.
    • The concept of hypoadditivity for adjacent passbands may be an artifact of less steep filter skirts used in earlier research.