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Imbalances in Cardiac Output

Imbalances in Cardiac Output

The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
CHF can occur due to the failure of either side of the heart. Left-side failure leads to pulmonary congestion—the right side continues to send blood...

Heart Failure I: Introduction

Heart Failure I: Introduction

Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...

Heart Failure VII: Nursing Interventions

Heart Failure VII: Nursing Interventions

The first step in nursing management of a patient with heart failure involves thoroughly assessing the patient's medical history.Subjective Data: Obtain the patient's medical history of coronary artery disease, hypertension, myocardial infarction, and symptoms like dyspnea, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea.Objective Data: Conduct a physical examination to identify findings such as jugular vein distention, pulmonary crackles, tachycardia, murmurs, peripheral edema, and vital signs,...

Cardiomyopathy VI: Nursing Management

Cardiomyopathy VI: Nursing Management

Assessment: Nursing management of patients with cardiomyopathy begins with a thorough assessment of the patient's history, including a family history of cardiomyopathy or sudden cardiac death, personal history of heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, and any alcohol consumption or drug use.During the physical examination, assess vital signs, look for signs of heart failure (such as edema, jugular venous distention, and cyanosis), auscultate for abnormal heart sounds (like murmurs and gallops),...

Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations

Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations

Heart failure (HF) manifests primarily as dyspnea, fatigue, and fluid retention, resulting in peripheral and pulmonary edema. Symptoms may vary depending on which ventricle is more affected, left or right.Left-Sided Heart FailureAlso known as left ventricular failure, this condition results from the left ventricle's inability to fill or eject sufficient blood into the systemic circulation. It leads to pulmonary congestion, which occurs when the left ventricle fails to eject blood effectively...

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Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Murine Echocardiography of Left Atrium, Aorta, and Pulmonary Artery

Murine Echocardiography of Left Atrium, Aorta, and Pulmonary Artery

Published on: February 20, 2017

[Chronic cardiac insufficiency in the elderly].

D Fischer¹, A Dettmer-Flügge, R Thiesemann

¹Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Zentrum Innere Medizin, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, Hannover, Germany. Fischer.Dieter@mh-hannover.de

Zeitschrift Fur Gerontologie Und Geriatrie

|May 17, 2011

Summary

Heart failure, particularly diastolic dysfunction, increases with age. Geriatric patients require individualized treatment plans considering comorbidities and medications for optimal outcomes.

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Tachycardia-Induced Cardiomyopathy As a Chronic Heart Failure Model in Swine

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Murine Echocardiography of Left Atrium, Aorta, and Pulmonary Artery

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Tachycardia-Induced Cardiomyopathy As a Chronic Heart Failure Model in Swine

Tachycardia-Induced Cardiomyopathy As a Chronic Heart Failure Model in Swine

Published on: February 17, 2018

Area of Science:

Cardiology
Geriatrics
Internal Medicine

Context:

Chronic heart failure (CHF) incidence and diastolic dysfunction prevalence rise with age.
Geriatric patients often present with less specific symptoms like fatigue, complicating diagnosis.
Multimorbidity is common in older adults, impacting treatment decisions.

Purpose:

To review the diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in the geriatric population.
To highlight the challenges and considerations specific to older adults with heart failure.
To provide guidance on therapeutic strategies and surgical interventions for elderly patients.

Summary:

Diagnosis and classification of heart failure in the elderly follow standard guidelines, despite less specific symptoms.
Pharmacological therapies (ACE inhibitors, ARBs, aldosterone antagonists, diuretics, digoxin) require careful individualization due to comorbidities and polypharmacy.
Cardiac surgery and interventional procedures can be safely performed in patients over 75 after thorough individual risk assessment, as traditional scores may overestimate operative risk.

Impact:

Improved understanding of age-related heart failure management.
Guidance for clinicians on tailoring therapy for older adults with CHF.
Evidence supporting the safety of cardiac interventions in select elderly patients.