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Related Concept Videos

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
Toxicity Testing in Animals01:23

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...
Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions01:16

Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions

Idiosyncratic drug reactions represent abnormal chemical responses that vary significantly among individuals, ranging from extreme sensitivity to low doses to insensitivity to high doses. These reactions often occur due to the drug's covalent binding with serum proteins, forming a foreign hapten that triggers an immunotoxicological response. The variability in drug reactions has a strong pharmacogenetic foundation, with genetic differences crucial in how individuals metabolize drugs. For...
Drug Toxicity: Overview01:00

Drug Toxicity: Overview

Drug toxicity quantifies the harm a compound causes to an organism, varying by dose and potentially impacting whole systems or specific organs like the liver. Toxic reactions may arise from venomous insect or spider bites, with effects ranging from mild symptoms to severe outcomes such as brain damage or death. Common forms of acute poisoning include ethanol intoxication and overdose of pain or fever medications, with substances like GHB and heroin being particularly lethal at doses close to...
Enhanced Elimination of Poison01:26

Enhanced Elimination of Poison

Poison can be effectively removed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract through various decontamination procedures.
Antidotes serve a crucial role in counteracting the effects of poison by inhibiting enzymes responsible for producing harmful drug metabolites. In some cases, these toxic metabolites can be neutralized by endogenous cosubstrates, which are maintained at specific concentrations to prevent interaction with cellular macromolecules and subsequent cell death.
Renal excretion is the...

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Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Protocol for Acute and Chronic Ecotoxicity Testing of the Turquoise Killifish Nothobranchius furzeri
09:43

Protocol for Acute and Chronic Ecotoxicity Testing of the Turquoise Killifish Nothobranchius furzeri

Published on: April 24, 2018

Ionophore toxicity and tolerance.

Joseph Deen Roder1

  • 1Intervet/Schering-Plough Animal Health, Summit, NJ 79015, USA. jdroder@gmail.com

The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice
|May 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary

The biofuels industry

Area of Science:

  • Animal Science
  • Toxicology
  • Agricultural Science

Background:

  • The Midwest biofuels industry has expanded significantly in the last decade.
  • This expansion has led to a greater availability of corn coproducts for animal feed.
  • Understanding the safety of these feed ingredients is crucial for animal health and agricultural sustainability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the tolerance and toxicology of corn coproducts derived from biofuels in ruminant animals.
  • To identify potential health risks associated with feeding these coproducts.
  • To provide insights into managing these risks in livestock production.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on biofuel coproducts and ruminant toxicology.

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Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff
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Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff

Published on: May 15, 2017

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Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Protocol for Acute and Chronic Ecotoxicity Testing of the Turquoise Killifish Nothobranchius furzeri
09:43

Protocol for Acute and Chronic Ecotoxicity Testing of the Turquoise Killifish Nothobranchius furzeri

Published on: April 24, 2018

Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff
08:49

Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff

Published on: May 15, 2017

  • Analysis of toxicological data related to specific contaminants and compounds found in corn coproducts.
  • Examination of metabolic pathways and tolerance limits in ruminants.

    • Main Results:

    • Corn coproducts can pose risks including polioencephalomalacia, sulfur toxicosis, mycotoxin contamination, and antibiotic residues.
    • Biodiesel by-products present unique toxicological challenges.
    • Sulfur metabolism and its potential for toxicosis in ruminants are significant concerns.

    Conclusions:

    • Ruminants exhibit varying tolerance levels to biofuel coproducts, necessitating careful management.
    • Potential toxicities require vigilant monitoring and risk mitigation strategies in animal feeding practices.
    • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the long-term effects and safe inclusion rates of these feedstuffs.