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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must have a...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Fabrication of Gate-tunable Graphene Devices for Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies with Coulomb Impurities
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Fabrication of Gate-tunable Graphene Devices for Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies with Coulomb Impurities

Published on: July 24, 2015

Spin-orbit splitting in graphene on metallic substrates.

Z Y Li1, Z Q Yang, S Qiao

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|May 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Graphene on gold substrates exhibits significant spin-orbit splitting, unlike nickel or silver. This Rashba splitting is linked to energy matching between graphene and gold electronic bands, offering insights into metal-induced effects.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Graphene's unique electronic properties are highly sensitive to its substrate.
  • Understanding substrate-induced spin-orbit splitting is crucial for spintronic applications.
  • The Rashba effect in 2D materials is a key area of research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate substrate-induced spin-orbit splitting in graphene on different metal surfaces (Ni, Au, Ag).
  • To elucidate the mechanisms behind the observed Rashba splitting.
  • To provide insights for designing graphene-based spintronic devices.

Main Methods:

  • Density-functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed.
  • Analysis of electronic band structure and densities of states.
  • Examination of graphene on Ni(111), Au(111), and Ag(111) surfaces.

Main Results:

  • Graphene on Ni(111) shows very small Rashba splitting (meV range).
  • Graphene on Au(111) with stretch distortion exhibits strong Rashba splitting (near 100 meV).
  • Energy matching between C 2p and Au 5d bands explains the strong splitting on gold.
  • Ag substrates induce minimal spin-orbit splitting, challenging the heavy metal assumption.

Conclusions:

  • Substrate choice and structural modifications significantly influence spin-orbit splitting in graphene.
  • The metal-induced Rashba effect in graphene is tunable and depends on electronic band alignment.
  • Findings offer guidance for engineering spin-orbit coupling in graphene for future technologies.