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Related Concept Videos

Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis01:14

Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis

Malonic ester synthesis is a method to obtain α substituted carboxylic acids from ꞵ-diesters such as diethyl malonate and alkyl halides.
Nitrosation of Enols01:19

Nitrosation of Enols

The nitrosation reaction is one of the methods of preparing 1,2-diketones. The enol tautomer of the starting ketone reacts with sodium nitrite in hydrochloric acid, generating the 1,2-diketone after hydrolysis.
Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of Malonic Acid Derivatives01:35

Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of Malonic Acid Derivatives

Just like β-keto acids—which upon thermal decarboxylation form ketones—β-dicarboxylic acids undergo decarboxylation to generate monocarboxylic acids with the liberation of carbon dioxide.
meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H

All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for the...
Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane01:33

Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane

Carboxylic acids react with diazomethane in an ether solvent via alkylation at the carboxylate oxygen atom to give methyl esters of the corresponding acid with excellent yields.
2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Synthesis of Esters Via a Greener Steglich Esterification in Acetonitrile
06:52

Synthesis of Esters Via a Greener Steglich Esterification in Acetonitrile

Published on: October 30, 2018

Diethyl 2-(2-nitro-benzyl-idene)malonate.

S Thenmozhi, S Ranjith, A Subbiahpandi

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    The crystal structure of C(14)H(15)NO(6) reveals extended conformations of ethoxy-carbonyl groups. Molecules form dimers through specific hydrogen bonds in the solid state.

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Organic Chemistry
    • Molecular Structure

    Background:

    • Understanding molecular conformation is crucial in chemistry.
    • Hydrogen bonding influences crystal packing and material properties.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To determine the crystal structure of the compound C(14)H(15)NO(6).
    • To analyze the conformations of ethoxy-carbonyl groups.
    • To investigate intermolecular interactions in the crystal lattice.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed.
    • The crystal structure was solved and refined.
    • Intermolecular interactions were analyzed using geometric criteria.

    Main Results:

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    Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine
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    Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine

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    Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

    Synthesis of Esters Via a Greener Steglich Esterification in Acetonitrile
    06:52

    Synthesis of Esters Via a Greener Steglich Esterification in Acetonitrile

    Published on: October 30, 2018

    Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly
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    Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly

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    Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine
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    Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine

    Published on: June 13, 2022

    • The title compound, C(14)H(15)NO(6), was structurally characterized.
    • Ethoxy-carbonyl groups were observed to adopt extended conformations.
    • Centrosymmetric dimers were formed via pairs of C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming an R(2)(2)(20) motif.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal packing is stabilized by specific C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
    • The observed conformations provide insights into the molecule's behavior in the solid state.
    • This structural data contributes to the understanding of organic crystal engineering.