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Related Concept Videos

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview01:18

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
Removing one hydrogen from the intervening CH2 group with both...
Structure and Nomenclature of Epoxides02:38

Structure and Nomenclature of Epoxides

Cyclic ethers are heterocyclic compounds with an oxygen atom in the ring along with carbon atoms. They are named depending on the number of carbon atoms present in their ring system. Cyclic ethers with a three-membered ring system are called “oxirane”, four-membered ring systems as “oxetane”, five-membered ring systems as “oxolane”, and six-membered ring systems as “oxane”. The cyclic structure of these rings imposes angle strain, and this strain is more in the ring having a smaller number of...
Structure and Nomenclature of Ethers02:28

Structure and Nomenclature of Ethers

Structure and Bonding
Ethers are organic compounds with an ether functional group which is characterized by an oxygen atom connected to two — identical or different — alkyl, aryl, or vinyl groups. The C–O–C linkage in dimethyl ether — the simplest ether — has an approximately tetrahedral bond angle of 110.3 degrees. The oxygen atom is sp3- hybridized, with the C–O distance being about 140 pm.
Classification of Ethers
Based on their attached substituent groups, ethers can be classified into two...
Disubstituted Cyclohexanes: cis-trans Isomerism02:37

Disubstituted Cyclohexanes: cis-trans Isomerism

Depending upon the different spatial orientation of the substituents, the disubstituted cycloalkanes exhibit two types of stereoisomers. The cis isomers have the substituents on the same side of the ring, whereas the trans isomers have the substituents on the opposite sides. These stereoisomers exhibit different physical properties and cannot be interconverted without breaking the carbon-carbon bonds.
In cyclohexane, the substituents can occupy different positions generating distinct isomers.
Structure of Conjugated Dienes01:16

Structure of Conjugated Dienes

Introduction
Conjugated dienes are compounds characterized by the presence of alternating double and single bonds. In a conjugated system like 1,3-butadiene, the unhybridized 2p orbital on each carbon overlaps continuously, allowing the π electrons to be delocalized across the entire molecule. In contrast, this type of overlap does not occur in cumulated and isolated dienes, such as 2,3-pentadiene and 1,4-pentadiene, respectively. Instead, the π electrons remain localized between the double...
Preparation of Epoxides03:00

Preparation of Epoxides

Overview
Epoxides result from alkene oxidation, which can be achieved by a) air, b) peroxy acids, c) hypochlorous acids, and d) halohydrin cyclization.
Epoxidation with Peroxy Acids
Epoxidation of alkenes via oxidation with peroxy acids involves the conversion of a carbon–carbon double bond to an epoxide using the oxidizing agent meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, commonly known as MCPBA. Since the O–O bond of peroxy acids is very weak, the addition of electrophilic oxygen of peroxy acids to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Cellular Lipid Extraction for Targeted Stable Isotope Dilution Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis
09:26

Cellular Lipid Extraction for Targeted Stable Isotope Dilution Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Published on: November 17, 2011

9-Eth-oxy-1,5,13-trimethyl-8,10-dioxa-tetra-cyclo-[7.7.1.0.0]hepta-deca-2,4,6,11,13,15-hexa-ene.

Ewa Maria Nowakowska-Bogdan, Ewa Wicher, Krzysztof Ejsmont

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers explored the reaction of ethyl acetoacetate and meta-cresol in ionic liquids. They isolated a novel compound with chemical mirror symmetry and determined its unique molecular structure.

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    Synthesis of Esters Via a Greener Steglich Esterification in Acetonitrile
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    Synthesis of Esters Via a Greener Steglich Esterification in Acetonitrile

    Published on: October 30, 2018

    Area of Science:

    • Organic Chemistry
    • Chemical Synthesis
    • Crystallography

    Background:

    • Ionic liquids offer unique reaction environments for organic synthesis.
    • Coumarin derivatives are important scaffolds in medicinal chemistry.
    • Understanding condensation reactions is key to novel molecule discovery.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the condensation reaction between ethyl acetoacetate and meta-cresol.
    • To isolate and characterize novel chemical entities formed in acidic ionic liquids.
    • To determine the structural and symmetry properties of the synthesized compounds.

    Main Methods:

    • Reaction of ethyl acetoacetate with meta-cresol in an acidic ionic liquid.
    • Isolation and purification of reaction products using standard laboratory techniques.
    • Characterization of the isolated title compound, C(20)H(22)O(3), using spectroscopic methods and X-ray crystallography.

    Main Results:

    • A complex mixture of condensation products was obtained.
    • 4,7-Dimethyl-coumarin and a novel compound, C(20)H(22)O(3), were successfully isolated.
    • The title compound exhibits chemical mirror symmetry, with its two aromatic rings inclined at 73.55(6)°.

    Conclusions:

    • Acidic ionic liquids can facilitate the synthesis of complex organic molecules.
    • The study successfully synthesized and characterized a novel compound with interesting symmetry properties.
    • The determined molecular geometry provides insights into the stereochemistry of coumarin derivatives.