Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic (–CHO) group is considered the parent chain. The aldehyde is named by replacing the last letter “e” in the hydrocarbon name with “al”. For instance, a simple, seven-carbon-membered acyclic aldehyde is called heptanal, derived from heptane. The carbon chain is numbered starting from the aldehydic carbon, although the aldehydic carbon’s locant...

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Friedel–Crafts Acylation of Benzene

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Friedel–Crafts Acylation of Benzene

The Friedel–Crafts acylation reactions involve the addition of an acyl group to an aromatic ring. These reactions proceed via electrophilic aromatic substitution by employing an acyl chloride and a Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminum chloride to form aryl ketone.

α-Hydroxy Ketones via Reductive Coupling of Esters: Acyloin Condensation Overview

α-Hydroxy Ketones via Reductive Coupling of Esters: Acyloin Condensation Overview

The pinacol and McMurry reactions involve the reductive coupling of ketones or aldehydes. Similarly, the bimolecular reductive coupling of two ester molecules in the presence of sodium metal in an aprotic solvent yields an α-hydroxy ketone product. The α-hydroxy ketone is also called acyloin, so the reaction is referred to as ‘acyloin condensation.’

Alkylation of β-Ketoester Enolates: Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis

Alkylation of β-Ketoester Enolates: Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis

Acetoacetic ester synthesis is a method to obtain ketones from alkyl halides and β-keto esters. The reaction occurs in the presence of an alkoxide base that abstracts the acidic proton of the β-keto esters. The step results in an enolate ion which is doubly stabilized. The enolate then reacts with an alkyl halide via the SN2 process to produce an alkylated ester intermediate with a new C–C bond. The hydrolysis of the intermediate, followed by acidification, results in an alkylated β-keto acid.

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

Overview
Alcohols are one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The name of alcohol comes from the hydrocarbon from which it is derived. Alcohols are organic molecules containing the functional hydroxyl or –OH group directly bonded to carbon. Phenols have an OH group directly attached to a benzene ring. While alcohols are colorless, phenol is a white crystalline compound with a characteristic "hospital smell" odor.
As with other organic compounds, alcohols and phenols...

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides

Naming Acid Halides
The IUPAC and common names of acid halides are derived from the corresponding carboxylic acids, by changing “ic acid” to “yl halide.” For example, as shown below, the IUPAC name ethanoyl chloride is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetyl chloride, is obtained from acetic acid.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Inclusive Search for Anomalous Single-Photon Production in MicroBooNE.

Physical review letters·2026

Same author

Navigating the Challenges of Implementing Tuberculosis Research During COVID-19 Pandemic: Insights from the Pediatric Tuberculosis-Moderate Acute Malnutrition Study.

Indian pediatrics·2026

Same author

First Search for Dark Sector e^{+}e^{-} Explanations of the MiniBooNE Anomaly at MicroBooNE.

Physical review letters·2026

Same author

First Measurement of Charged-Current Muon-Neutrino-Induced K^{+} Production on Argon Using the MicroBooNE Detector.

Physical review letters·2026

Same author

Scarlet fever - A retrospective case series in the midst of recent upsurge of cases in India.

Indian journal of medical microbiology·2025

Same author

Search for an Anomalous Production of Charged-Current ν_{e} Interactions without Visible Pions across Multiple Kinematic Observables in MicroBooNE.

Physical review letters·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Stereolithographic 3D Printing with Renewable Acrylates

Stereolithographic 3D Printing with Renewable Acrylates

Published on: September 12, 2018

3-Acetyl-4-hydroxy-phenyl acrylate.

V Azeezaa, G Usha, Sundari Bhaskaran

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|May 18, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study details the crystal structure of a C(12)H(12)O(4) compound, revealing near-coplanar arrangements and specific dihedral angles. Molecular dimers are formed via hydrogen bonds in the observed crystal packing.

More Related Videos

Synthesis of Programmable Main-chain Liquid-crystalline Elastomers Using a Two-stage Thiol-acrylate Reaction

Synthesis of Programmable Main-chain Liquid-crystalline Elastomers Using a Two-stage Thiol-acrylate Reaction

Published on: January 19, 2016

Designed for Molecular Recycling: A Lignin-Derived Semi-aromatic Biobased Polymer

Designed for Molecular Recycling: A Lignin-Derived Semi-aromatic Biobased Polymer

Published on: November 30, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Stereolithographic 3D Printing with Renewable Acrylates

Stereolithographic 3D Printing with Renewable Acrylates

Published on: September 12, 2018

Synthesis of Programmable Main-chain Liquid-crystalline Elastomers Using a Two-stage Thiol-acrylate Reaction

Synthesis of Programmable Main-chain Liquid-crystalline Elastomers Using a Two-stage Thiol-acrylate Reaction

Published on: January 19, 2016

Designed for Molecular Recycling: A Lignin-Derived Semi-aromatic Biobased Polymer

Designed for Molecular Recycling: A Lignin-Derived Semi-aromatic Biobased Polymer

Published on: November 30, 2020

Area of Science:

Crystallography
Organic Chemistry
Molecular Structure

Background:

Understanding molecular arrangements is crucial in organic chemistry.
Crystal structure analysis provides insights into intermolecular forces and packing.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound C(12)H(12)O(4).
To analyze the planarity of functional groups and their orientation relative to the benzene ring.
To investigate hydrogen bonding interactions within the crystal lattice.

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
Analysis of atomic deviations from planarity and dihedral angles.
Identification and characterization of hydrogen bonding networks using graph-set descriptors.

Main Results:

The hydroxy O and acetyl group atoms are nearly coplanar with the benzene ring (max deviation = 0.0356 Å).
A dihedral angle of 86.1° exists between the benzene ring and the methacryloyloxy group.
Molecules form dimers through two C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds (R(2)(2)(16)), alongside a strong intramolecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bond.

Conclusions:

The crystal structure of C(12)H(12)O(4) exhibits specific geometric and bonding features.
Intermolecular hydrogen bonding dictates the dimeric assembly in the solid state.
The findings contribute to the understanding of molecular packing and interactions in organic crystals.