Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles01:11

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Naming Amides
The IUPAC and common names of amides are derived from the parent carboxylic acid, by replacing the suffix “oic acid” and “ic acid,” respectively, with “amide.” In the following example, the IUPAC name ethanamide is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetamide, is obtained from acetic acid.
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene01:20

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.
meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H

All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for the...
Nitrosation of Enols01:19

Nitrosation of Enols

The nitrosation reaction is one of the methods of preparing 1,2-diketones. The enol tautomer of the starting ketone reacts with sodium nitrite in hydrochloric acid, generating the 1,2-diketone after hydrolysis.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Effect of Addition Amount of Microbial Self-Repairing Material on Anti-Cracking Performance of Concrete.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Research on GM1 bound bMSCs loaded with SF hydrogel for spinal cord injury repair.

Journal of translational medicine·2026
Same author

1,2,4-trimethoxybenzene exerts multi-target effects against ulcerative colitis by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome and remodeling the gut microbiota-metabolism axis.

European journal of pharmacology·2026
Same author

A Study on the Properties of Blended Recycled Micro Powder Concrete and Insulation Boards Produced via Microbial Foaming.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Prevalence of semen abnormalities and the impact of genital pathogens on male infertility: a retrospective analysis of 131 183 patients.

Asian journal of andrology·2026
Same author

The Oral-Gastric Microbial Axis in Gastric Cancer: Mechanisms Underlying Development and Progression.

Cancers·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)
06:34

Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)

Published on: June 20, 2014

(E)-N'-(3,4-Dichloro-benzyl-idene)nicotino-hydrazide monohydrate.

Feng-Yu Bao1, Ying-Xia Zhou, Hai-Yan Zhang

  • 1Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|May 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The crystal structure of a dichlorobenzene compound reveals a nearly planar arrangement between its benzene and pyridine rings. This structure is stabilized by various intermolecular hydrogen bonds, including O-H⋯O, O-H⋯N, and N-H⋯O interactions.

More Related Videos

A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones
07:30

A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones

Published on: January 21, 2020

Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase
11:01

Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

Published on: November 23, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)
06:34

Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)

Published on: June 20, 2014

A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones
07:30

A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones

Published on: January 21, 2020

Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase
11:01

Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

Published on: November 23, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

  • Understanding the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in organic molecules is crucial for predicting their properties and reactivity.
  • Crystal structure analysis provides detailed insights into molecular conformation and intermolecular interactions.
  • Hydrogen bonding plays a significant role in stabilizing crystal lattices and influencing material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine and analyze the crystal structure of the title compound, C(13)H(9)Cl(2)N(3)O·H(2)O.
  • To investigate the spatial relationship between the 3,4-dichloro-benzene ring and the pyridine ring within the crystal lattice.
  • To identify and characterize the types of intermolecular hydrogen bonding present in the crystal structure.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to collect diffraction data.
  • The crystal structure was solved and refined using standard crystallographic software.
  • Analysis of bond lengths, bond angles, and intermolecular contacts was performed.

Main Results:

  • The crystal structure of C(13)H(9)Cl(2)N(3)O·H(2)O was successfully determined.
  • A dihedral angle of 4.78(8)° was measured between the 3,4-dichloro-benzene ring and the pyridine ring, indicating near planarity.
  • Multiple intermolecular hydrogen bonds were identified, including O-H⋯O, O-H⋯N, N-H⋯O, and weak C-H⋯O interactions, contributing to crystal packing.

Conclusions:

  • The title compound crystallizes with a nearly coplanar arrangement of its aromatic rings.
  • Intermolecular hydrogen bonding is a key feature dictating the crystal structure and stability.
  • The detailed structural information can inform future studies on the compound's physical and chemical behavior.