Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis01:07

Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis

4.0K
Aminolysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction, where ammonia or amines act as nucleophiles to give the substitution product. Acid halides react with ammonia, primary amines, and secondary amines to yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amides, respectively.
In the first step of the aminolysis mechanism, the amine attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acyl chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, the carbonyl group is re-formed with the elimination of a chloride...
4.0K
Preparation of Amides01:29

Preparation of Amides

3.8K
Amides are synthesized by treating carboxylic acids with amines in the presence of dehydrating agents like dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC).
The DCC-promoted synthesis of amides begins with the protonation of DCC by carboxylic acid. The protonation makes it a better acceptor. Next, the addition of carboxylate to the protonated carbodiimide gives a reactive acylating agent.
Subsequently, the amine acts as a nucleophile that attacks the acylating agent to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the...
3.8K
Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines01:25

Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines

6.8K
Heterocyclic amines, where the N atom is a part of an alicyclic system, are similar in basicity to alkylamines. Interestingly, the heterocyclic amine having a nitrogen atom as part of an aromatic ring has much less basicity than its corresponding alicyclic counterpart. For this reason, as presented in Figure 1, piperidine (pKb = 2.8) is significantly more basic than pyridine (pKb = 8.8).
6.8K
Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Mechanism01:26

Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Mechanism

3.9K
The Hofmann and Curtius rearrangement reactions can be applied to synthesize primary amines from carboxylic acid derivatives such as amides and acyl azides. In the Hofmann rearrangement, a primary amide undergoes deprotonation in the presence of a base, followed by halogenation to generate an N-haloamide. A second proton abstraction produces a stabilized anionic species, which rearranges to an isocyanate intermediate via an alkyl group migration from the carbonyl carbon to the neighboring...
3.9K
Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Overview01:07

Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Overview

3.5K
In the presence of an aqueous base and a halogen, primary amides can lose the carbonyl (as carbon dioxide) and undergo rearrangement to form primary amines. This reaction, called the Hofmann rearrangement, can produce primary amines (aryl and alkyl) in high yields without contamination by secondary and tertiary amines.
3.5K
Preparation of Acid Anhydrides01:07

Preparation of Acid Anhydrides

3.8K
One of the methods for preparing symmetrical or unsymmetrical acid anhydrides involves the treatment of acid chlorides with the sodium salt of carboxylic acids. The reaction proceeds via a nucleophilic acyl substitution.
The carboxylate ion acts as a nucleophile that attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Subsequently, the re-formation of the carbonyl group with the loss of the chloride ion as a leaving group leads to the formation of an acid...
3.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Advances in heterogeneous iron nanocatalysts for enhanced Fenton-based processes in wastewater treatment.

Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)·2026
Same author

Multi-Objective Optimization of Damage Volume and CO<sub>2</sub> Consumption for High-Pressure Liquid CO<sub>2</sub> Jet Impact on Hydroxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene Propellant.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Exposure to high doses of tyre antioxidant 6PPD causes senescence to induce unexplained miscarriage by suppressing BAZ1B-mediated ubiquitination degradation of P21.

EBioMedicine·2026
Same author

Zinc Exposure Causes Disulfidptosis to Induce Miscarriage by Up-Regulating GATA1/METTL1/SLC7A11 Axis.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)·2026
Same author

Resveratrol coordinates apoptosis and autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma cells via p53 acetylation: An integrative network pharmacology and experimental validation study.

Cytotechnology·2026
Same author

Sulfur quantum dots cause ferroptosis in human placental trophoblast and ovarian granulosa cells and induce mouse adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Environment international·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 22, 2025

Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine
11:04

Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine

Published on: June 13, 2022

3.3K

Pyridine-4-carboximidamidate chloride.

Ping Fan, Lei Wang, Huidong Zhang

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study details the crystal structure of a pyridine-carbox-imid-amidate salt. Hydrogen bonds link cations and chloride ions, forming layered and networked structures.

    More Related Videos

    Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach
    14:11

    Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach

    Published on: June 10, 2021

    6.6K
    Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors
    09:45

    Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

    Published on: April 27, 2017

    11.0K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Dec 22, 2025

    Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine
    11:04

    Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine

    Published on: June 13, 2022

    3.3K
    Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach
    14:11

    Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach

    Published on: June 10, 2021

    6.6K
    Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors
    09:45

    Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

    Published on: April 27, 2017

    11.0K

    Area of Science:

    • Crystal chemistry
    • Supramolecular chemistry

    Background:

    • Understanding the intermolecular interactions in crystalline salts is crucial for predicting their physical properties.
    • Pyridine derivatives are important building blocks in various chemical applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure and hydrogen bonding network of the pyridine-carbox-imid-amidate salt.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
    • Analysis of hydrogen bonding interactions (N-H⋯N, N-H⋯Cl, C-H⋯Cl) was performed.

    Main Results:

    • The crystal structure reveals a pyridine-carbox-imid-amidate cation (C(6)H(8)N(3)(+)) and a chloride anion (Cl(-)).
    • Extensive N-H⋯N and N-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds link cations and anions, forming two-dimensional layers.
    • Weak C-H⋯Cl interactions further connect these layers into a three-dimensional network.

    Conclusions:

    • The hydrogen bonding network dictates the supramolecular architecture of the salt.
    • The crystal packing is stabilized by a combination of strong N-H⋯N/Cl and weak C-H⋯Cl interactions.