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Related Concept Videos

Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview01:13

Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview

Heterocyclic aromatic compounds are cyclic compounds that are aromatic and have one or more heteroatoms—atoms other than carbon, in the ring. Depending upon the number of atoms present in the ring, they can be either five or six-membered. Examples of five-membered heterocyclic aromatic compounds include pyrrole, furan, thiophene, and imidazole. Pyrrole consists of one nitrogen atom having one lone pair of electrons. Furan and thiophene have one oxygen and one sulfur heteroatom, respectively.
Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview01:32

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview

Cyanohydrins are compounds that contain –CN and –OH groups on the same carbon atom. They are formed by the nucleophilic addition of the cyanide ions to the carbonyl group. Cyanide ions are highly basic and nucleophilic and can be generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. However, since HCN is a weak acid, the number of cyanide ions generated is very small. Hence, a small amount of base or KCN/NaCN is added to HCN to increase the concentration of the cyanide ions in the reaction mixture.
Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane01:33

Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane

Carboxylic acids react with diazomethane in an ether solvent via alkylation at the carboxylate oxygen atom to give methyl esters of the corresponding acid with excellent yields.
Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions01:20

Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions

Arenediazonium substitution reactions occur when the diazonium group is substituted by various functional groups such as halides, hydroxyl, nitrile, etc. For instance, arenediazonium salts react with copper(I) salts of chloride, bromide, or cyanide to form corresponding aryl chlorides, bromides, and nitriles. These reactions are named Sandmeyer reactions. Although the mechanism of this reaction is complicated, as illustrated in Figure 1, they are believed to progress via an aryl copper...

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Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors
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N'-[(E)-(5-Methyl-furan-2-yl)methyl-idene]formohydrazide.

Zahid Shafiq, Muhammad Yaqub, M Nawaz Tahir

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study details the crystal structure of a nearly planar organic compound, C(7)H(8)N(2)O(2). Its crystal arrangement features hydrogen bonds forming a specific ring motif.

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    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Molecular Structure Analysis

    Background:

    • Understanding the three-dimensional arrangement of molecules in crystals is crucial for predicting material properties.
    • Hydrogen bonding plays a significant role in molecular self-assembly and crystal packing.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, C(7)H(8)N(2)O(2).
    • To analyze the molecular planarity and intermolecular interactions within the crystal lattice.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the atomic coordinates and unit cell parameters.
    • Analysis of the crystal structure included assessing molecular geometry and identifying hydrogen bonding networks.

    Main Results:

    • The title compound, C(7)H(8)N(2)O(2), exhibits a nearly planar molecular conformation with a low root-mean-square deviation for non-hydrogen atoms (0.029 Å).
    • In the crystalline state, molecules form inversion dimers through pairs of N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, resulting in the formation of an R(2)(2)(8) ring motif.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal structure of C(7)H(8)N(2)O(2) is characterized by near planarity and a specific hydrogen-bonded network.
    • The identified R(2)(2)(8) ring motif highlights the predictable self-assembly behavior driven by hydrogen bonding in this compound.