Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene01:13

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene

Bromination and chlorination of aromatic rings by electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are easily achieved, but fluorination and iodination are difficult to achieve. Fluorine is so reactive that its reaction with benzene is difficult to control, resulting in poor yields of monofluoroaromatic products. To address this, Selectfluor reagent is used as a fluorine source in which a fluorine atom is bonded to a positively charged nitrogen.
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene01:20

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
Preparation of Nitriles01:12

Preparation of Nitriles

One of the common methods to prepare nitriles is the dehydration of amides. This method requires strong dehydrating agents like phosphorous pentoxide or boiling acetic anhydride for converting amides to nitriles. Another reagent namely, thionyl chloride also accomplishes the dehydration of amides, where amide acts as a nucleophile. The first step of the mechanism involves the nucleophilic attack by the amide on the thionyl chloride to form an intermediate. In the next step, the electron pairs...
Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles01:11

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Naming Amides
The IUPAC and common names of amides are derived from the parent carboxylic acid, by replacing the suffix “oic acid” and “ic acid,” respectively, with “amide.” In the following example, the IUPAC name ethanamide is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetamide, is obtained from acetic acid.
Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride01:26

Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride

Radical substitution reactions can be used to remove functional groups from molecules. The hydrogenolysis of alkyl halides is one such reaction, where the weak Sn–H bond in tributyltin hydride reacts with alkyl halides to form alkanes. Here, the reagent Bu3SnH yields tributyltin halide as a byproduct.
The bonds formed in this reaction are stronger than the bonds broken, making it energetically favorable. The reaction follows a radical chain mechanism similar to radical halogenation reactions,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Exploring the nexus between perceived organizational support and professional identity among nursing professionals: a mediation-moderation mechanism.

BMC nursing·2026
Same author

The Impact of Digital Healthcare Adoption and Service Quality on Patient Satisfaction: The Moderating Role of Telehealth Services in Pakistan.

Journal of nursing management·2026
Same author

Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales across the UK: a nationwide study of carbapenemase testing and novel antimicrobial activity.

International journal of antimicrobial agents·2026
Same author

Adolescent Grassroots Soccer and Sports-Related Concussion: A Program for Change.

Clinical journal of sport medicine : official journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine·2026
Same author

Biofilm Disruption and Gene Expression Alteration by Phages against Multi-Drug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa<i></i>.

Canadian journal of microbiology·2026
Same author

CMHF-3DNet: A Transformer-Based Framework for Improved Brain Tumor Segmentation Across Modalities.

Academic radiology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones
07:30

A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones

Published on: January 21, 2020

N'-[(E)-(4-Bromo-2-thienyl)methyl-ene]isonicotinohydrazide.

Zahid Shafiq, Muhammad Yaqub, M Nawaz Tahir

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study details the crystal structure of a novel organic compound, C(11)H(8)BrN(3)OS. Key findings include the dihedral angle between aromatic rings and disordered bromine atom positions, alongside observed intermolecular interactions.

    More Related Videos

    Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors
    09:45

    Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

    Published on: April 27, 2017

    Synthesis of Hypervalent Iodonium Alkynyl Triflates for the Application of Generating Cyanocarbenes
    12:27

    Synthesis of Hypervalent Iodonium Alkynyl Triflates for the Application of Generating Cyanocarbenes

    Published on: September 8, 2013

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

    A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones
    07:30

    A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones

    Published on: January 21, 2020

    Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors
    09:45

    Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

    Published on: April 27, 2017

    Synthesis of Hypervalent Iodonium Alkynyl Triflates for the Application of Generating Cyanocarbenes
    12:27

    Synthesis of Hypervalent Iodonium Alkynyl Triflates for the Application of Generating Cyanocarbenes

    Published on: September 8, 2013

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Organic Chemistry
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Understanding the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in organic molecules is crucial for predicting their properties.
    • Crystal structure analysis provides fundamental insights into molecular geometry and intermolecular forces.
    • The specific compound C(11)H(8)BrN(3)OS has not been previously characterized in detail.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, C(11)H(8)BrN(3)OS.
    • To determine the precise molecular geometry, including the dihedral angle between aromatic rings.
    • To investigate the intermolecular interactions and packing in the solid state.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to collect diffraction data.
    • The crystal structure was solved and refined using standard crystallographic software.
    • Analysis of bond lengths, bond angles, and intermolecular contacts was performed.

    Main Results:

    • The crystal structure of C(11)H(8)BrN(3)OS was successfully determined.
    • A dihedral angle of 27.61(14)° was measured between the two aromatic rings.
    • The bromine atom exhibits disorder, occupying two crystallographic sites with an occupancy ratio of 0.804(2):0.196(2).
    • Intermolecular interactions, including N-H⋯O, C-H⋯O, and C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, were identified, leading to the formation of molecular chains.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal structure provides a detailed geometric description of C(11)H(8)BrN(3)OS.
    • The observed disorder of the bromine atom is a significant feature of this compound's solid-state arrangement.
    • The identified intermolecular interactions dictate the crystal packing and influence the material's properties.