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Related Concept Videos

Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process01:10

Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles under normal conditions. However, the reaction can proceed under drastic conditions involving high temperatures and high pressure to give the substituted products. For example, chlorobenzene is converted to phenol using aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C under high pressure by the Dow process. The reaction follows an elimination-addition mechanism involving a benzyne intermediate. Here, the chloride ion is eliminated to generate the benzyne...
Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane01:33

Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane

Carboxylic acids react with diazomethane in an ether solvent via alkylation at the carboxylate oxygen atom to give methyl esters of the corresponding acid with excellent yields.
Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes03:08

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition01:11

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles. However, nucleophilic aromatic substitutions can be forced under certain conditions, such as high temperatures or strong bases. The mechanism of substitution under such conditions involves the highly unstable and reactive benzyne intermediate. Benzyne contains equivalent carbon centers at both ends of the triple bond, each of which is equally susceptible to nucleophilic attack. This 50–50 distribution of products is confirmed through isotopic...
Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Oxidation and Reduction00:59

Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Oxidation and Reduction

The benzylic position describes the position of a carbon atom attached directly to a benzene ring. Benzene by itself does not undergo oxidation. In contrast, the benzylic carbon is quite reactive in the presence of strong oxidizing agents such as KMnO4 or H2CrO4. Therefore, alkylbenzenes are readily oxidized to benzoic acid, irrespective of the type of alkyl groups.
Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes02:41

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

An alkene, such as propene, reacts with bromine in the presence of water to yield a halohydrin. Halohydrins contain a halogen and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbons. When the halogen is bromine, it is called a bromohydrin, while a chlorohydrin has chlorine as the halogen.

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Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors
09:45

Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

Published on: April 27, 2017

2-Methoxy-benzohydrazide.

Uzma Ashiq, Rifat Ara Jamal, Muhammad Nadeem Arshad

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study details the crystal structure of a compound, revealing how molecules form linear chains through hydrogen bonds. These interactions create specific ring structures and influence molecular orientation within the crystal lattice.

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    Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives
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    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Chemical Physics
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Understanding molecular interactions is crucial for predicting material properties.
    • Hydrogen bonding plays a significant role in the self-assembly of molecules.
    • Crystal structure analysis provides fundamental insights into intermolecular forces.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound (C8H10N2O2).
    • To characterize the hydrogen bonding network and its influence on molecular arrangement.
    • To analyze the geometry and planarity of hydrogen-bonded and aromatic rings.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the crystal structure.
    • Analysis of hydrogen bond distances and angles (N-H⋯N, N-H⋯O).
    • Geometric analysis of ring structures, including root-mean-square deviations for planarity.

    Main Results:

    • The compound crystallizes in a monoclinic unit cell with two independent molecules.
    • Molecules form linear chains along the a axis via N-H⋯N and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
    • A two-ring R(2)(2)(10) motif describes the hydrogen bonding, with nearly planar six-membered R(1)(1)(6) rings.

    Conclusions:

    • The specific hydrogen bonding pattern dictates the linear chain assembly.
    • The observed ring structures and their planarity are key features of the crystal packing.
    • The relative orientation of aromatic and hydrogen-bonded rings varies slightly between the two independent molecules.