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Related Concept Videos

Organic Compounds03:02

Organic Compounds

All living things are formed mostly of carbon compounds called organic compounds. The category of organic compounds includes both natural and synthetic compounds that contain carbon. Although a single, precise definition has yet to be identified by the chemistry community, most agree that a defining trait of organic molecules is the presence of carbon as the principal element, bonded to hydrogen and other carbon atoms. However, some carbon-containing compounds such as carbonates, cyanides, and...
IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes01:16

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic (–CHO) group is considered the parent chain. The aldehyde is named by replacing the last letter “e” in the hydrocarbon name with “al”. For instance, a simple, seven-carbon-membered acyclic aldehyde is called heptanal, derived from heptane. The carbon chain is numbered starting from the aldehydic carbon, although the aldehydic carbon’s locant...
Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides01:16

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides

Naming Acid Halides
The IUPAC and common names of acid halides are derived from the corresponding carboxylic acids, by changing “ic acid” to “yl halide.” For example, as shown below, the IUPAC name ethanoyl chloride is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetyl chloride, is obtained from acetic acid.
Preparation of Diols and Pinacol Rearrangement01:57

Preparation of Diols and Pinacol Rearrangement

Compounds bearing two hydroxyl groups are known as diols. When the hydroxyl groups are located on adjacent carbon atoms, the diols are called vicinal diols or glycols. Under acidic conditions, vicinal diols undergo a specific reaction called pinacol rearrangement.
The reaction begins with transferring a proton from the acid catalyst to one of the hydroxyl groups, producing an oxonium ion.
Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids02:04

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.
Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of Malonic Acid Derivatives01:35

Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of Malonic Acid Derivatives

Just like β-keto acids—which upon thermal decarboxylation form ketones—β-dicarboxylic acids undergo decarboxylation to generate monocarboxylic acids with the liberation of carbon dioxide.

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A Strategy for Sensitive, Large Scale Quantitative Metabolomics
14:18

A Strategy for Sensitive, Large Scale Quantitative Metabolomics

Published on: May 27, 2014

2-(1,3-Dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)propanoic acid.

Abdul Rauf Raza, Aisha Saddiqa, M Nawaz Tahir

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    The crystal structure of C(11)H(9)NO(4) reveals one-dimensional polymer chains formed by hydrogen bonds. Molecules are further stabilized by pi-stacking interactions and intramolecular hydrogen bonds.

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Materials Science
    • Supramolecular Chemistry

    Background:

    • Understanding molecular interactions is key to designing novel materials.
    • Crystal structure analysis provides fundamental insights into chemical bonding and intermolecular forces.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure of the compound C(11)H(9)NO(4).
    • To identify and analyze the intermolecular and intramolecular interactions governing the molecular assembly.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms.
    • Analysis of hydrogen bonds, C=O⋯π interactions, and planarity of molecular fragments.

    Main Results:

    • The crystal structure exhibits infinite one-dimensional polymeric chains linked by intermolecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

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  • The phthalimide ring and carboxylate group are planar, with a dihedral angle of 66.41° between them.
  • Molecules are stabilized by C=O⋯π interactions and weak intramolecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

    • Conclusions:

    • The crystal packing is dictated by a combination of strong hydrogen bonding and weaker non-covalent interactions.
    • The planar nature of the key functional groups influences the overall molecular conformation and packing.
    • This structural understanding can inform the design of related compounds with tailored properties.