Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process01:10

Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles under normal conditions. However, the reaction can proceed under drastic conditions involving high temperatures and high pressure to give the substituted products. For example, chlorobenzene is converted to phenol using aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C under high pressure by the Dow process. The reaction follows an elimination-addition mechanism involving a benzyne intermediate. Here, the chloride ion is eliminated to generate the benzyne...
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of X2 to 1,3-Butadiene01:14

Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of X2 to 1,3-Butadiene

Electrophilic addition of halogens to alkenes proceeds via a cyclic halonium ion to form a 1,2-dihalide or a vicinal dihalide.
Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols02:23

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

Overview
Alcohols are one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The name of alcohol comes from the hydrocarbon from which it is derived. Alcohols are organic molecules containing the functional hydroxyl or –OH group directly bonded to carbon. Phenols have an OH group directly attached to a benzene ring. While alcohols are colorless, phenol is a white crystalline compound with a characteristic "hospital smell" odor.
As with other organic compounds, alcohols and phenols...
Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes02:41

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

An alkene, such as propene, reacts with bromine in the presence of water to yield a halohydrin. Halohydrins contain a halogen and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbons. When the halogen is bromine, it is called a bromohydrin, while a chlorohydrin has chlorine as the halogen.
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Entropic Effects Distinguishing the Reactivity of Fullerenes in Diels-Alder Cycloadditions.

Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry·2026
Same author

Dual-Acting Vitamin B<sub>3</sub>-Melanostatin Neuropeptide Hybrids as Potent Modulators of the Dopamine D<sub>2</sub> Receptors with Neuroprotective Activity.

Journal of medicinal chemistry·2026
Same author

Discovery of bridged melanostatin derivatives as potent allosteric modulators of the dopamine D<sub>2</sub> receptors with improved permeability.

Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie·2026
Same author

Identifying the Thermodynamic Driving Force of Metal Extraction by Hydrophobic Eutectic Solvents.

ChemSusChem·2026
Same author

Polyol-based deep eutectic solvents: betaine <i>versus</i> choline chloride.

Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP·2026
Same author

Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensitivity Loss During Ionic Liquid Deposition: Insights into Film Structure and Morphology.

Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Continuous Flow Chemistry: Reaction of Diphenyldiazomethane with p-Nitrobenzoic Acid
07:06

Continuous Flow Chemistry: Reaction of Diphenyldiazomethane with p-Nitrobenzoic Acid

Published on: November 15, 2017

(E)-1-Phenyl-butan-2-one (2,4-dinitro-phen-yl)hydrazone.

Carlos F R A C Lima, Ligia R Gomes, Luís M N B F Santos

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    The crystal structure of C(16)H(16)N(4)O(4) reveals a significant dihedral angle between aromatic rings and an internal hydrogen bond. Molecules are linked by weak interactions, forming sheet-like crystal structures.

    More Related Videos

    Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate
    06:46

    Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

    Published on: June 21, 2017

    Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions
    07:12

    Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions

    Published on: July 17, 2020

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

    Continuous Flow Chemistry: Reaction of Diphenyldiazomethane with p-Nitrobenzoic Acid
    07:06

    Continuous Flow Chemistry: Reaction of Diphenyldiazomethane with p-Nitrobenzoic Acid

    Published on: November 15, 2017

    Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate
    06:46

    Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

    Published on: June 21, 2017

    Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions
    07:12

    Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions

    Published on: July 17, 2020

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Molecular Structure
    • Supramolecular Chemistry

    Background:

    • Understanding molecular interactions is crucial for materials science.
    • Crystal engineering aims to design materials with specific properties.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To determine the crystal structure of the title compound C(16)H(16)N(4)O(4).
    • To analyze the intermolecular and intramolecular interactions within the crystal lattice.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to elucidate the molecular and crystal structure.
    • Analysis of bond lengths, bond angles, and non-covalent interactions was performed.

    Main Results:

    • The crystal structure of C(16)H(16)N(4)O(4) was determined.
    • A dihedral angle of 79.04° between aromatic rings was observed.
    • An intramolecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bond was identified.
    • Weak C-H⋯O and C-H⋯π interactions were found to link molecules into sheets.

    Conclusions:

    • The title compound exhibits a specific molecular conformation influenced by intramolecular hydrogen bonding.
    • Supramolecular assembly in the solid state is governed by a combination of hydrogen bonding and weaker C-H interactions.
    • The observed crystal packing provides insights into the design of organic materials.