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Related Concept Videos

Physical Properties of Amines01:26

Physical Properties of Amines

Amines with low molecular weight are usually gaseous at room temperature, while those with high molecular weight are liquid or solids in nature. Usually, low molecular weight amines have a rotten fish-like smell. Diamines typically have a pungent smell. For instance, cadaverine and putrescine, depicted in Figure 1, are two molecules responsible for decaying tissue.
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by water loss...
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis01:28

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...

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Synthesis of High Purity Nonsymmetric Dialkylphosphinic Acid Extractants
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Adamantane-1-ammonium benzoate.

Wen-Ni Zheng1, Bo Wang

  • 1Ordered Matter Science Research Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical, Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|May 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study details the molecular salt C(10)H(15)NH(3) (+)·C(7)H(5)O(2) (-). It reveals strong N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds forming infinite chains and a weak C-H⋯π interaction.

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Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Understanding intermolecular interactions is crucial for designing novel materials.
  • Molecular salts offer tunable properties based on their constituent ions and crystal packing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the crystal structure and intermolecular interactions of the molecular salt C(10)H(15)NH(3) (+)·C(7)H(5)O(2) (-).
  • To elucidate the role of hydrogen bonding and other interactions in the self-assembly of this molecular salt.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular structure and crystal packing.
  • Analysis of interatomic distances and angles was performed to identify and quantify intermolecular interactions.

Main Results:

  • The crystal structure reveals the formation of infinite chains along the b axis.
  • Strong N-H⋯O intermolecular hydrogen bonds were observed between the ammonium group of the cation and carboxyl O atoms of the anion.
  • A weak C-H⋯π interaction was also identified, contributing to the overall crystal architecture.

Conclusions:

  • The studied molecular salt exhibits a well-defined supramolecular architecture driven by strong hydrogen bonding.
  • The identified interactions provide insights into the self-assembly mechanisms of organic salts.
  • This structural understanding can inform the design of new functional materials based on similar motifs.