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Related Concept Videos

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols02:36

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.
Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process01:10

Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles under normal conditions. However, the reaction can proceed under drastic conditions involving high temperatures and high pressure to give the substituted products. For example, chlorobenzene is converted to phenol using aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C under high pressure by the Dow process. The reaction follows an elimination-addition mechanism involving a benzyne intermediate. Here, the chloride ion is eliminated to generate the benzyne...
Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols02:23

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

Overview
Alcohols are one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The name of alcohol comes from the hydrocarbon from which it is derived. Alcohols are organic molecules containing the functional hydroxyl or –OH group directly bonded to carbon. Phenols have an OH group directly attached to a benzene ring. While alcohols are colorless, phenol is a white crystalline compound with a characteristic "hospital smell" odor.
As with other organic compounds, alcohols and phenols...
Benzene to Phenol via Cumene: Hock Process01:27

Benzene to Phenol via Cumene: Hock Process

The synthesis of phenol from benzene via cumene and cumene hydroperoxide is called the Hock process. First, a Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction of benzene with propene gives cumene. Then cumene forms cumene hydroperoxide via a radical chain reaction. In the chain initiation step, the benzylic hydrogen is abstracted to give a benzylic radical. In the chain propagation step, the benzylic radical reacts with an oxygen diradical to form a cumene hydroperoxide radical. The cumene hydroperoxide...
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols02:32

Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols

Alcohols are organic compounds in which a hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon. Phenols are a class of alcohols containing a hydroxy group attached to an aromatic ring. The physical properties of the alcohols and phenols are influenced by hydrogen bonding due to the oxygen–hydrogen dipole in the hydroxy functional group and dispersion forces between alkyl or aryl regions of alcohol and phenol molecules.
Alcohols possess a higher boiling point than aliphatic hydrocarbons of similar...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Continuous Flow Chemistry: Reaction of Diphenyldiazomethane with p-Nitrobenzoic Acid
07:06

Continuous Flow Chemistry: Reaction of Diphenyldiazomethane with p-Nitrobenzoic Acid

Published on: November 15, 2017

2-(Hydrazonomethyl)phenol.

Yan-Fang Shang, Qing-Ming Wang, Miao-Li Zhu

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    The crystal structure of C(7)H(8)N(2)O reveals a stable conformation due to an intramolecular hydrogen bond. Intermolecular hydrogen bonds further influence the crystal packing and overall molecular arrangement.

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    07:12

    Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions

    Published on: July 17, 2020

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Molecular Chemistry
    • Supramolecular Chemistry

    Background:

    • Understanding molecular conformation is crucial in chemistry.
    • Hydrogen bonding plays a significant role in stabilizing crystal structures.
    • The specific compound C(7)H(8)N(2)O's structural properties were previously uncharacterized.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To determine the crystal structure of C(7)H(8)N(2)O.
    • To investigate the role of hydrogen bonding in the compound's conformation and crystal packing.
    • To elucidate the intermolecular interactions present in the solid state.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to analyze the crystal structure.
    • Analysis of bond lengths, bond angles, and intermolecular distances.
    • Identification and characterization of hydrogen bonding networks.

    Main Results:

    • The crystal structure of C(7)H(8)N(2)O was successfully determined.
    • An intramolecular O-H⋯N hydrogen bond was identified, stabilizing the molecular conformation.
    • Intermolecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds were observed, contributing to the crystal lattice formation.

    Conclusions:

    • The conformation of C(7)H(8)N(2)O is significantly influenced by intramolecular hydrogen bonding.
    • The crystal packing is dictated by a network of intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
    • This study provides fundamental insights into the structural behavior and intermolecular forces of C(7)H(8)N(2)O.