Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation01:20

Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation

An oxygen-based nucleophile, like water, can undergo addition reactions with aldehydes and ketones. The reaction leads to the formation of hydrates, also referred to as 1,1-diols or geminal diols.
The formation of hydrates is a reversible reaction. Hydrate formation is influenced by steric and electronic factors accompanying the alkyl substituents on the carbonyl group: The rate of hydrate formation increases with a decrease in the number of alkyl groups attached to the carbonyl carbon. Hence,...
β-Dicarbonyl Compounds via Crossed Claisen Condensations01:18

β-Dicarbonyl Compounds via Crossed Claisen Condensations

Crossed Claisen condensations are base-promoted reactions between two different ester molecules producing β-dicarbonyl compounds. The reaction involving esters, with both containing α hydrogen, results in a mixture of four different products that are difficult to isolate. This reduces the synthetic utility of the reaction.
Preparation of Diols and Pinacol Rearrangement01:57

Preparation of Diols and Pinacol Rearrangement

Compounds bearing two hydroxyl groups are known as diols. When the hydroxyl groups are located on adjacent carbon atoms, the diols are called vicinal diols or glycols. Under acidic conditions, vicinal diols undergo a specific reaction called pinacol rearrangement.
The reaction begins with transferring a proton from the acid catalyst to one of the hydroxyl groups, producing an oxonium ion.
Dehydration of Aldols to Enals: Base-Catalyzed Aldol Condensation01:14

Dehydration of Aldols to Enals: Base-Catalyzed Aldol Condensation

This lesson delves into the aldol condensation catalyzed by bases, where aldols undergo dehydration to enals. As shown in Figure 1, the β-hydroxy aldehyde formed in a base-catalyzed aldol addition reaction dehydrates on heating to yield an unsaturated carbonyl product, which is commonly referred to as an enal.
[4+2] Cycloaddition of Conjugated Dienes: Diels–Alder Reaction01:16

[4+2] Cycloaddition of Conjugated Dienes: Diels–Alder Reaction

The Diels–Alder reaction is an example of a thermal pericyclic reaction between a conjugated diene and an alkene or alkyne, commonly referred to as a dienophile. The reaction involves a concerted movement of six π electrons, four from the diene and two from the dienophile, forming an unsaturated six-membered ring. As a result, these reactions are classified as [4+2] cycloadditions.
Intramolecular Claisen Condensation of Dicarboxylic Esters: Dieckmann Cyclization01:13

Intramolecular Claisen Condensation of Dicarboxylic Esters: Dieckmann Cyclization

Dieckmann cyclization is an intramolecular Claisen condensation of diesters. The reaction occurs in the presence of a base and generates a cyclic β-ketoester as the final product. Commonly, 1, 6 and 1, 7-diesters are preferred substrates for the reaction since the generated five, and six-membered cyclic β-keto esters are particularly more stable.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Crystal structure of the <i>meso</i> compound (2<i>R</i>,6<i>S</i>)-4-(5-bromo-pyrimidin-2-yl)-2,6-di-methyl-morpholine.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Crystallographic communications·2026
Same author

4-[4-(4-Chloro-1,2,5-thia-diazol-3-yl)phen-yl]morpholine.

IUCrData·2026
Same author

Cytochrome P450-Mediated Metabolism of Antimycobacterial <i>N</i>α-Aroyl-<i>N</i>-aryl-phenylalanine Amides.

ACS infectious diseases·2026
Same author

Nucleophilic substitution of a phthalimidyl group with morpholine in an N<sup>1</sup>-methyl-1,2,3-triazole: crystallographic evidence for migration of the methylene bridge.

Acta crystallographica. Section C, Structural chemistry·2026
Same author

Total Synthesis and Structural Revision of Keenamide A.

Journal of natural products·2026
Same author

Concomitant colour polymorphs of (Z)-N-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-oxopropanehydrazonoyl chloride.

Acta crystallographica. Section C, Structural chemistry·2025
Same journal

Crystal structure of 1-(piperidin-1-yl)butane-1,3-dione.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2015
Same journal

Crystal structure of methyl 1-methyl-3,5-diphenyl-7-tosyl-3,6,7,11b-tetra-hydro-pyrazolo-[4',3':5,6]pyrano[3,4-c]quinoline-5a(5H)-carboxyl-ate.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2015
Same journal

Crystal structure of 4-amino-1-(4-methyl-benz-yl)pyridinium bromide.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2015
Same journal

Crystal structure of (Z)-3-benz-yloxy-6-[(2-hy-droxy-anilino)methyl-idene]cyclo-hexa-2,4-dien-1-one.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2015
Same journal

Crystal structure of bis-(1-benzyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole) perchloric acid monosolvate.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2015
Same journal

Crystal structure of 2-(di-phenyl-phos-phanyl)phenyl 4-(hy-droxy-meth-yl)benzoate.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2015
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Transport Properties of Ibuprofen Encapsulated in Cyclodextrin Nanosponge Hydrogels: A Proton HR-MAS NMR Spectroscopy Study
10:10

Transport Properties of Ibuprofen Encapsulated in Cyclodextrin Nanosponge Hydrogels: A Proton HR-MAS NMR Spectroscopy Study

Published on: August 15, 2016

β-Cyclo-dextrin 10.41-hydrate.

Rüdiger W Seidel, Bojidarka B Koleva

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    The crystal structure of beta-cyclodextrin reveals truncated cone-shaped molecules in a herringbone arrangement. Water molecules fill the cyclodextrin cavity, exhibiting disorder and partial occupancy.

    More Related Videos

    Activation and Conjugation of Soluble Polysaccharides using 1-Cyano-4-Dimethylaminopyridine Tetrafluoroborate (CDAP)
    07:20

    Activation and Conjugation of Soluble Polysaccharides using 1-Cyano-4-Dimethylaminopyridine Tetrafluoroborate (CDAP)

    Published on: June 14, 2021

    Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by &#960;-&#960; Stacking Interactions
    10:53

    Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions

    Published on: October 10, 2016

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

    Transport Properties of Ibuprofen Encapsulated in Cyclodextrin Nanosponge Hydrogels: A Proton HR-MAS NMR Spectroscopy Study
    10:10

    Transport Properties of Ibuprofen Encapsulated in Cyclodextrin Nanosponge Hydrogels: A Proton HR-MAS NMR Spectroscopy Study

    Published on: August 15, 2016

    Activation and Conjugation of Soluble Polysaccharides using 1-Cyano-4-Dimethylaminopyridine Tetrafluoroborate (CDAP)
    07:20

    Activation and Conjugation of Soluble Polysaccharides using 1-Cyano-4-Dimethylaminopyridine Tetrafluoroborate (CDAP)

    Published on: June 14, 2021

    Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by &#960;-&#960; Stacking Interactions
    10:53

    Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions

    Published on: October 10, 2016

    Area of Science:

    • Supramolecular Chemistry
    • Crystallography
    • Carbohydrate Chemistry

    Background:

    • Cyclodextrins are cyclic oligosaccharides with a unique toroidal structure.
    • Beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) is widely used in various applications due to its cavity size and properties.
    • Understanding the precise crystal structure is crucial for predicting and optimizing its behavior.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the detailed crystal structure of beta-cyclodextrin hydrate.
    • To characterize the packing arrangement and intermolecular interactions within the crystal lattice.
    • To investigate the role and behavior of water molecules within the cyclodextrin cavity.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was employed.
    • The crystal structure was solved and refined.
    • Hydrogen bonding networks and molecular packing were analyzed.

    Main Results:

    • Beta-cyclodextrin molecules adopt a truncated cone shape.
    • A herringbone packing motif was observed for the cyclodextrin units.
    • Intra-molecular hydrogen bonds involving primary hydroxyl groups were identified.
    • Water molecules occupy the cyclodextrin cavity with partial occupancy and disorder.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal structure provides a detailed molecular-level understanding of beta-cyclodextrin hydrate.
    • The observed packing and hydrogen bonding influence the material's properties.
    • The disordered water molecules suggest dynamic behavior within the host-guest complexation site.