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Related Concept Videos

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes02:41

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

An alkene, such as propene, reacts with bromine in the presence of water to yield a halohydrin. Halohydrins contain a halogen and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbons. When the halogen is bromine, it is called a bromohydrin, while a chlorohydrin has chlorine as the halogen.
Preparation of Acid Anhydrides01:07

Preparation of Acid Anhydrides

One of the methods for preparing symmetrical or unsymmetrical acid anhydrides involves the treatment of acid chlorides with the sodium salt of carboxylic acids. The reaction proceeds via a nucleophilic acyl substitution.
The carboxylate ion acts as a nucleophile that attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Subsequently, the re-formation of the carbonyl group with the loss of the chloride ion as a leaving group leads to the formation of an acid...
α-Bromination of Carboxylic Acids: Hell–Volhard–Zelinski Reaction01:15

α-Bromination of Carboxylic Acids: Hell–Volhard–Zelinski Reaction

The method to achieve α-brominated carboxylic acids using a mixture of phosphorus tribromide and bromine is known as the Hell–Volhard–Zelinski reaction. The reaction is catalyzed by phosphorus tribromide, which can be used directly or produced in situ from red phosphorus and bromine. The mechanism comprises PBr3 catalyzed conversion of acid to acid bromide and hydrogen bromide. The acid bromide enolizes to its enol form in the presence of HBr. The nucleophilic enol attacks the bromine molecule...
Reactions of Acid Anhydrides01:19

Reactions of Acid Anhydrides

The reactions of acid anhydrides are analogous to the reactions of acid chlorides and proceed via a nucleophilic acyl substitution. They only differ in the identity of the leaving group. During an acid chloride reaction, the leaving group is a chloride ion, and the by-product is hydrochloric acid. However, in an acid anhydride reaction, the leaving group is a carboxylate ion, and the by-product is a carboxylic acid.
Halogenation of Alkenes02:46

Halogenation of Alkenes

Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.
Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles
11:45

Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

Published on: August 22, 2018

2-Carboxy-anilinium bromide monohydrate.

V Susindran, S Athimoolam, S Asath Bahadur

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study characterizes a novel compound, C(7)H(8)NO(2) (+)·Br(-)·H(2)O, detailing its intra-molecular and inter-molecular hydrogen bonding. The research reveals complex hydrogen-bonded networks and layered structures, crucial for understanding crystal engineering.

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    Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine
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    Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine

    Published on: June 13, 2022

    Area of Science:

    • Crystal engineering
    • Supramolecular chemistry
    • Materials science

    Background:

    • Understanding hydrogen bonding is key to designing novel materials.
    • Isomorphism provides a structural template for new compounds.
    • Anilinium salts are versatile building blocks in crystal engineering.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure and hydrogen bonding of C(7)H(8)NO(2) (+)·Br(-)·H(2)O.
    • To identify and characterize intra- and inter-molecular interactions.
    • To describe the resulting supramolecular architecture.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.
    • Hydrogen bond network analysis using graph set notation.
    • Identification of intra-molecular and inter-molecular interactions.

    Main Results:

    • The compound exhibits an intra-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bond forming an S(6) motif.
    • Inter-molecular interactions include N-H⋯O/Br and O-H⋯O/Br bonds.
    • Centrosymmetric R(4)(4)(12) and R(8)(4)(16) ring motifs are observed.
    • A 2D hydrogen-bonded network is formed, extended by N-H⋯Br bonds.
    • Alternating hydrophilic and hydrophobic layers are generated.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal structure is stabilized by a combination of intra- and inter-molecular hydrogen bonds.
    • The observed hydrogen bonding patterns lead to complex supramolecular assemblies.
    • The layered structure suggests potential applications in materials science and crystal engineering.