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Related Concept Videos

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by water loss...
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
Preparation of Nitriles01:12

Preparation of Nitriles

One of the common methods to prepare nitriles is the dehydration of amides. This method requires strong dehydrating agents like phosphorous pentoxide or boiling acetic anhydride for converting amides to nitriles. Another reagent namely, thionyl chloride also accomplishes the dehydration of amides, where amide acts as a nucleophile. The first step of the mechanism involves the nucleophilic attack by the amide on the thionyl chloride to form an intermediate. In the next step, the electron pairs...
Nitrosation of Enols01:19

Nitrosation of Enols

The nitrosation reaction is one of the methods of preparing 1,2-diketones. The enol tautomer of the starting ketone reacts with sodium nitrite in hydrochloric acid, generating the 1,2-diketone after hydrolysis.
Nomenclature of Secondary and Tertiary Amines01:12

Nomenclature of Secondary and Tertiary Amines

The secondary and tertiary amines are derivatives of ammonia, where two and three of its hydrogens are replaced by alkyl groups, respectively. Secondary and tertiary amines can be symmetrical with identical alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom or unsymmetrical when more than one type of alkyl group is present. The standard nomenclature of secondary and tertiary amines is similar to the names given to the primary amines. They are generally named alkylamines. As depicted in Figure 1, for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

One-pot Microwave-assisted Conversion of Anomeric Nitrate-esters to Trichloroacetimidates
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One-pot Microwave-assisted Conversion of Anomeric Nitrate-esters to Trichloroacetimidates

Published on: January 15, 2018

2-Phenyl-imidazolium nitrate monohydrate.

Dao-Cheng Xia, Wan-Cheng Li, Shuang Han

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study characterizes a hydrated molecular salt, C(9)H(9)N(2) (+)·NO(3) (-)·H(2)O. The crystal structure reveals specific dihedral angles and hydrogen bonding that form chains.

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    Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles
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    Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions
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    Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

    Published on: July 30, 2017

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Materials Science
    • Chemical Physics

    Background:

    • Molecular salts are crucial in various chemical applications.
    • Understanding crystal structures informs material properties.
    • Hydrogen bonding plays a key role in molecular assembly.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To determine the crystal structure of the hydrated molecular salt C(9)H(9)N(2) (+)·NO(3) (-)·H(2)O.
    • To analyze the dihedral angle between aromatic rings in the cation.
    • To investigate the hydrogen bonding network within the crystal.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to elucidate the crystal structure.
    • Analysis of bond lengths, angles, and hydrogen bond interactions was performed.
    • The crystal packing and intermolecular forces were examined.

    Main Results:

    • The crystal structure of C(9)H(9)N(2) (+)·NO(3) (-)·H(2)O was successfully determined.
    • A dihedral angle of 11.09(8)° was measured between the aromatic rings of the cation.
    • N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds were identified, linking components into [101] chains.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal structure provides fundamental insights into the solid-state behavior of this molecular salt.
    • The observed hydrogen bonding network dictates the supramolecular architecture.
    • This structural information is vital for potential applications in materials science.