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Related Concept Videos

Determining the pH of Salt Solutions04:08

Determining the pH of Salt Solutions

The pH of a salt solution is determined by its component anions and cations. Salts that contain pH-neutral anions and the hydronium ion-producing cations form a solution with a pH less than 7. For example, in ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) solution, NO3− ions do not react with water whereas NH4+ ions produce the hydronium ions resulting in the acidic solution. In contrast, salts that contain pH-neutral cations and the hydroxide ion-producing anions form a solution with a pH greater than 7. For...
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
Acidity of 1-Alkynes02:42

Acidity of 1-Alkynes


The acidic strength of hydrocarbons follows the order: Alkynes > Alkenes > Alkanes. The strength of an acid is commonly expressed in units of pKa — the lower the pKa, the stronger the acid. Among the hydrocarbons, terminal alkynes have lower pKa values and are, therefore, more acidic. For example, the pKa values for ethane, ethene, and acetylene are 51, 44, and 25, respectively, as shown here.
Weak Base Solutions03:21

Weak Base Solutions

Some compounds produce hydroxide ions when dissolved by chemically reacting with water molecules. In all cases, these compounds react only partially and so are classified as weak bases. These types of compounds are also abundant in nature and important commodities in various technologies. For example, global production of the weak base ammonia is typically well over 100 metric tons annually, being widely used as an agricultural fertilizer, a raw material for chemical synthesis of other...
Ions as Acids and Bases02:54

Ions as Acids and Bases

Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
Preparation of Acid Anhydrides01:07

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One of the methods for preparing symmetrical or unsymmetrical acid anhydrides involves the treatment of acid chlorides with the sodium salt of carboxylic acids. The reaction proceeds via a nucleophilic acyl substitution.
The carboxylate ion acts as a nucleophile that attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Subsequently, the re-formation of the carbonyl group with the loss of the chloride ion as a leaving group leads to the formation of an acid...

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Sulfate Separation by Selective Crystallization with a Bis-iminoguanidinium Ligand
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Published on: September 8, 2016

Bis[3-(dihydroxy-boryl)anilinium] sulfate.

Araceli Vega1, Rolando Luna, Hugo Tlahuext

  • 1Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, CP 62209, Cuernavaca, Mexico.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|May 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals how boronic acid molecules form intricate 3D networks through hydrogen bonding with sulfate ions. The findings detail specific interactions like charge-assisted synthons in crystal structures.

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Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Boron Chemistry

Background:

  • Boronic acids are versatile compounds with applications in synthesis and medicine.
  • Understanding their solid-state behavior is crucial for material design.
  • Hydrogen bonding plays a key role in molecular self-assembly.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the crystal structure and hydrogen bonding patterns of a specific boronic acid sulfate salt.
  • To characterize the supramolecular architecture formed by the compound.
  • To investigate the role of different functional groups in network formation.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was used to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
  • Analysis of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors.
  • Identification of supramolecular synthons and network topology.

Main Results:

  • The crystal structure contains two independent boronic acid molecules.
  • One molecule forms B-O-H···O-B and N-H···O-B hydrogen bonds.
  • The second molecule forms a charge-assisted heterodimeric synthon with sulfate, and N-H···O-sulfate interactions link these into a 3D network.

Conclusions:

  • The compound exhibits complex hydrogen bonding, leading to a robust three-dimensional supramolecular network.
  • The interplay between boronic acid functional groups and sulfate anions dictates the observed crystal packing.
  • This detailed structural analysis provides insights into the self-assembly of boron-containing compounds.