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Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Naming Amides
The IUPAC and common names of amides are derived from the parent carboxylic acid, by replacing the suffix “oic acid” and “ic acid,” respectively, with “amide.” In the following example, the IUPAC name ethanamide is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetamide, is obtained from acetic acid.

Nitrosation of Enols

Nitrosation of Enols

The nitrosation reaction is one of the methods of preparing 1,2-diketones. The enol tautomer of the starting ketone reacts with sodium nitrite in hydrochloric acid, generating the 1,2-diketone after hydrolysis.

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO₂ Mechanism

Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.

Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Structure of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Carboxylic acid derivatives contain an acyl group attached to a heteroatom such as chlorine, oxygen, or nitrogen. The carbonyl carbon and oxygen are both sp2-hybridized with an unhybridized p orbital.
The three sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl carbon form three σ bonds, one each with the carbonyl oxygen, the α carbon, and the heteroatom, whereas the other two sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl oxygen are occupied by the lone pairs. Further, the unhybridized p...

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Updated: Jun 1, 2026

A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones

A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones

Published on: January 21, 2020

(E)-N'-(2,3,4-Trimethoxy-benzyl-idene)isonicotinohydrazide.

H S Naveenkumar, Amirin Sadikun, Pazilah Ibrahim

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|May 18, 2011

Summary

This study details the crystal structure of a novel organic compound, C(16)H(17)N(3)O(4). The molecule exhibits an E configuration and forms a 3D network through various hydrogen and pi-interactions.

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Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

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Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

Published on: April 27, 2017

Area of Science:

Crystallography
Organic Chemistry
Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

Understanding the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in organic molecules is crucial for predicting their properties and reactivity.
Hydrogen bonds and pi-interactions play significant roles in molecular self-assembly and crystal engineering.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, C(16)H(17)N(3)O(4).
To investigate the intermolecular interactions governing the crystal packing.

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
Analysis of bond lengths, bond angles, and dihedral angles provided insights into molecular geometry.
Intermolecular interactions, including hydrogen bonds and C-H⋯π interactions, were identified and analyzed.

Main Results:

The title compound, C(16)H(17)N(3)O(4), was confirmed to exist in an E configuration around the C=N double bond.
The molecule is non-planar, with a dihedral angle of 71.67° between the pyridine and benzene rings.
The crystal structure features chains linked along the b axis via bifurcated N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
These chains further assemble into a three-dimensional network through C-H⋯O and C-H⋯π interactions.

Conclusions:

The study provides a detailed structural characterization of C(16)H(17)N(3)O(4).
The identified hydrogen bonding and C-H⋯π interactions are key to the formation of the extended three-dimensional crystal network.
This structural information can be valuable for designing related compounds with specific solid-state properties.