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Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

Overview
Alcohols are one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The name of alcohol comes from the hydrocarbon from which it is derived. Alcohols are organic molecules containing the functional hydroxyl or –OH group directly bonded to carbon. Phenols have an OH group directly attached to a benzene ring. While alcohols are colorless, phenol is a white crystalline compound with a characteristic "hospital smell" odor.
As with other organic compounds, alcohols and phenols...

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The simplest aromatic amine is phenylamine, which contains an –NH2 functionality directly attached to an aromatic ring. The name aniline is designated for this skeleton. As shown in Figure 1, the common names of the functionalized anilines involve prefixes ortho-, meta-, and para- to indicate the substitution position. Different functionalized aniline derivatives also have notable trivial names.

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.

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When more than one substituent is present on the benzene ring, the IUPAC nomenclature depends on the number of substituents present.
For disubstituted benzene derivatives, with two groups attached to the benzene ring, three constitutional isomers are possible. For example, consider dimethyl benzene, often called xylene, where the second methyl group can be substituted at the second, third, or fourth carbon. The relative position of the substituents is represented by prefixes ortho, meta, or...

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

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Naming Amides
The IUPAC and common names of amides are derived from the parent carboxylic acid, by replacing the suffix “oic acid” and “ic acid,” respectively, with “amide.” In the following example, the IUPAC name ethanamide is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetamide, is obtained from acetic acid.

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Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with a Single Substituent

Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon or arene. The IUPAC names for simple monosubstituted benzene derivatives are derived by adding the substituent's name as a prefix to the parent benzene. For example, halobenzene, where the halogen could be fluoro (F), chloro (Cl), bromo (Br), and iodo (I).

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Microwave-assisted Intramolecular Dehydrogenative Diels-Alder Reactions for the Synthesis of Functionalized Naphthalenes/Solvatochromic Dyes

Microwave-assisted Intramolecular Dehydrogenative Diels-Alder Reactions for the Synthesis of Functionalized Naphthalenes/Solvatochromic Dyes

Published on: April 1, 2013

1-[Morpholino(phen-yl)meth-yl]-2-naphthol.

Min Min Zhao¹, Ping Ping Shi

¹Ordered Matter Science Research Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical, Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|May 18, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers synthesized a novel organic compound, C(21)H(21)NO(2), using a one-pot reaction. The study details its molecular structure, including dihedral angles and intramolecular hydrogen bonding in two independent molecules.

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Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

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Area of Science:

Organic Chemistry
Crystallography

Background:

The synthesis of novel organic compounds is crucial for developing new materials and pharmaceuticals.
Understanding molecular structure and bonding provides insights into chemical properties and reactivity.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize and characterize a new organic compound, C(21)H(21)NO(2).
To elucidate the crystal structure, including dihedral angles and hydrogen bonding interactions, of the synthesized compound.

Main Methods:

One-pot synthesis involving 2-naphthol, morpholine, and benzaldehyde.
Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis to determine molecular and crystal structure.

Main Results:

Successful synthesis of the target compound C(21)H(21)NO(2).
Identification of two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit.
Determination of dihedral angles between naphthalene and benzene rings (84.03(7)° and 75.76(8)°).
Observation of an intramolecular O-H⋯N hydrogen bond in each independent molecule.

Conclusions:

The study successfully synthesized and structurally characterized a new organic compound.
The structural analysis revealed key features such as independent molecular conformations and specific hydrogen bonding, contributing to the understanding of its chemical behavior.