Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H

All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for the...
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene01:20

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.
NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives01:37

NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives

Simple unsubstituted benzene has six aromatic protons, all chemically equivalent. Therefore, benzene exhibits only a singlet peak at δ 7.3 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum. The observed shift is far downfield because the aromatic ring current strongly deshields the protons. Any substitution on the benzene ring makes the aromatic protons nonequivalent, and the protons split each other. The peak is, therefore, no longer a singlet and the splitting pattern and their associated coupling constants depend...
Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane01:33

Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane

Carboxylic acids react with diazomethane in an ether solvent via alkylation at the carboxylate oxygen atom to give methyl esters of the corresponding acid with excellent yields.
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition01:11

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles. However, nucleophilic aromatic substitutions can be forced under certain conditions, such as high temperatures or strong bases. The mechanism of substitution under such conditions involves the highly unstable and reactive benzyne intermediate. Benzyne contains equivalent carbon centers at both ends of the triple bond, each of which is equally susceptible to nucleophilic attack. This 50–50 distribution of products is confirmed through isotopic...
Directing and Steric Effects in Disubstituted Benzene Derivatives01:18

Directing and Steric Effects in Disubstituted Benzene Derivatives

When disubstituted benzenes undergo electrophilic substitution, the product distribution depends on the directing effect of both substituents. When the directing effects of both substituents reinforce each other, a single product is obtained. For example, bromination of p-nitrotoluene occurs ortho to the methyl group and meta to the nitro group, which is the same position, resulting in a single product. However, if the directing effects of the two groups oppose each other, the more strongly...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A flexible bounded stochastic framework for uncertainty and reliability in physical systems.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Comment on: Outcomes of Pleural Sealant Application in Pneumothorax Surgery: A Comparative Analysis.

Journal of chest surgery·2026
Same author

Synthesis of trifunctional indole-imine-based Ag NPs as a molecular probe for selective colorimetric detection of Cd(ii), photo-catalytic and antimicrobial agent.

RSC advances·2026
Same author

Anodic NiO nanoparticles as high-performance asymmetric supercapacitor devices in hybrid electrolytes.

RSC advances·2025
Same author

A novel anodic nanostructured stainless steel-304L oxide as an emerging electrode material for high energy density asymmetric supercapacitors: experimental and DFT insights.

Nanoscale advances·2025
Same author

Multidimensional Impact of Smog on Respiratory and Ocular Health: A Cross-Sectional Study With Socio-Psychological and Public Health Prospective.

Health science reports·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives
08:43

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

Published on: January 19, 2016

Methyl 2-methyl-3,5-dinitro-benzoate.

Abdul Rauf Raza, Aisha Saddiqa, M Nawaz Tahir

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study details the crystal structure of a methyl ester compound, C(9)H(8)N(2)O(6). Molecular geometry and intermolecular interactions were analyzed, revealing specific orientations of functional groups and zigzag chain formation in the crystal lattice.

    More Related Videos

    Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions
    19:58

    Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

    Published on: July 30, 2017

    Synthesis of Esters Via a Greener Steglich Esterification in Acetonitrile
    06:52

    Synthesis of Esters Via a Greener Steglich Esterification in Acetonitrile

    Published on: October 30, 2018

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

    Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives
    08:43

    Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

    Published on: January 19, 2016

    Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions
    19:58

    Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

    Published on: July 30, 2017

    Synthesis of Esters Via a Greener Steglich Esterification in Acetonitrile
    06:52

    Synthesis of Esters Via a Greener Steglich Esterification in Acetonitrile

    Published on: October 30, 2018

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Organic Chemistry
    • Molecular Structure

    Background:

    • Understanding the precise three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in organic molecules is crucial for predicting their chemical and physical properties.
    • The methyl ester and nitro functional groups can significantly influence molecular conformation and intermolecular interactions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure of the compound C(9)H(8)N(2)O(6).
    • To analyze the molecular geometry, including the planarity of the methyl ester group and the orientation of nitro groups relative to the benzene ring.
    • To investigate intermolecular interactions and their role in crystal packing.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the atomic coordinates and bond parameters.
    • Analysis of the crystal structure included calculating root-mean-square deviations for planarity and dihedral angles between ring systems and substituents.
    • Identification of intermolecular interactions, such as C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, was performed.

    Main Results:

    • The methyl ester group exhibits near-planarity with a root-mean-square deviation of 0.002 Å.
    • The methyl ester group is oriented at a dihedral angle of 24.27° relative to the benzene ring.
    • The nitro groups are positioned at dihedral angles of 4.2° and 60.21° with respect to the benzene ring.
    • Molecules are linked via C-H⋯O interactions, forming characteristic zigzag chains within the crystal.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal structure of C(9)H(8)N(2)O(6) reveals specific conformational preferences influenced by the methyl ester and nitro substituents.
    • Intermolecular C-H⋯O interactions are key in organizing the molecules into zigzag chains, dictating the overall crystal architecture.