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Related Concept Videos

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition01:11

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles. However, nucleophilic aromatic substitutions can be forced under certain conditions, such as high temperatures or strong bases. The mechanism of substitution under such conditions involves the highly unstable and reactive benzyne intermediate. Benzyne contains equivalent carbon centers at both ends of the triple bond, each of which is equally susceptible to nucleophilic attack. This 50–50 distribution of products is confirmed through isotopic...
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Benzylic halogenation takes place under conditions that favor radical reactions such as heat, light, or a free radical initiator like peroxide.
Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process01:10

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Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles under normal conditions. However, the reaction can proceed under drastic conditions involving high temperatures and high pressure to give the substituted products. For example, chlorobenzene is converted to phenol using aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C under high pressure by the Dow process. The reaction follows an elimination-addition mechanism involving a benzyne intermediate. Here, the chloride ion is eliminated to generate the benzyne...
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Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
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The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.

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Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions
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(E)-N'-[1-(4-Bromo-phen-yl)ethyl-idene]benzohydrazide.

Hong-Yun Wang1, Chuan-Gang Fan, Zhong-Nian Yang

  • 1College of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Binzhou University, Binzhou 256600, Shandong, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|May 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study details the crystal structure of a novel organic compound, C(15)H(13)BrN(2)O. Molecular analysis reveals distinct conformations and intermolecular hydrogen bonds influencing crystal packing.

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Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Molecular Structure

Background:

  • Understanding the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in organic molecules is crucial for predicting their properties and reactivity.
  • Crystal structure analysis provides fundamental insights into molecular conformation and intermolecular interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, C(15)H(13)BrN(2)O.
  • To characterize the conformational differences between independent molecules in the asymmetric unit.
  • To identify and describe the intermolecular interactions governing crystal packing.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the crystal structure.
  • The asymmetric unit was analyzed to identify independent molecules and their conformations.
  • Intermolecular interactions, specifically hydrogen bonds, were identified and characterized.

Main Results:

  • The asymmetric unit contains two independent molecules of C(15)H(13)BrN(2)O with differing conformations.
  • Dihedral angles of the aromatic rings were measured as 32.4(4)° and 27.5(4)° in the two molecules.
  • Intermolecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds were observed, forming chains along the [100] direction.

Conclusions:

  • The crystal structure of C(15)H(13)BrN(2)O exhibits conformational polymorphism within the asymmetric unit.
  • Hydrogen bonding plays a significant role in the self-assembly and crystal architecture of this compound.
  • Detailed structural information is provided for this specific brominated organic molecule.