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Related Concept Videos

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
Preparation of Epoxides03:00

Preparation of Epoxides

Overview
Epoxides result from alkene oxidation, which can be achieved by a) air, b) peroxy acids, c) hypochlorous acids, and d) halohydrin cyclization.
Epoxidation with Peroxy Acids
Epoxidation of alkenes via oxidation with peroxy acids involves the conversion of a carbon–carbon double bond to an epoxide using the oxidizing agent meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, commonly known as MCPBA. Since the O–O bond of peroxy acids is very weak, the addition of electrophilic oxygen of peroxy acids to...
Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process01:10

Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles under normal conditions. However, the reaction can proceed under drastic conditions involving high temperatures and high pressure to give the substituted products. For example, chlorobenzene is converted to phenol using aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C under high pressure by the Dow process. The reaction follows an elimination-addition mechanism involving a benzyne intermediate. Here, the chloride ion is eliminated to generate the benzyne...
Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism01:10

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism

Cyanohydrins are formed when cyanide nucleophiles and carbonyl compounds like aldehydes and ketones react. A strong base, the cyanide ion, catalyzes cyanohydrin formation. The ions are generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. Once the cyanide ions are generated, the first step involves the nucleophilic attack of the cyanide ions on the electrophilic carbonyl carbon. This attack shifts the π electrons from the C=O to the oxygen atom forming the alkoxide ion intermediate. The alkoxide anion...
Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes02:41

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

An alkene, such as propene, reacts with bromine in the presence of water to yield a halohydrin. Halohydrins contain a halogen and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbons. When the halogen is bromine, it is called a bromohydrin, while a chlorohydrin has chlorine as the halogen.
Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview01:32

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview

Cyanohydrins are compounds that contain –CN and –OH groups on the same carbon atom. They are formed by the nucleophilic addition of the cyanide ions to the carbonyl group. Cyanide ions are highly basic and nucleophilic and can be generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. However, since HCN is a weak acid, the number of cyanide ions generated is very small. Hence, a small amount of base or KCN/NaCN is added to HCN to increase the concentration of the cyanide ions in the reaction mixture.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate
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Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

Published on: June 21, 2017

(E)-3-Hydr-oxy-N'-(2-hydroxy-benzyl-idene)-2-naphthohydrazide.

Hassan Hosseini Monfared, Rahman Bikas, Peter Mayer

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study details the crystal structure of an aroylhydrazone, C(18)H(14)N(2)O(3). The compound exhibits a nearly planar structure stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonds and forms intermolecular hydrogen-bonded strands.

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    Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)

    Published on: June 20, 2014

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Organic Chemistry
    • Supramolecular Chemistry

    Background:

    • Aroylhydrazones are a class of organic compounds with diverse applications.
    • Understanding the solid-state structure is crucial for predicting chemical properties and designing new materials.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title aroylhydrazone compound (C(18)H(14)N(2)O(3)).
    • To analyze the intermolecular interactions and hydrogen bonding patterns governing the crystal packing.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
    • Intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonds were identified and analyzed.
    • Graph-set analysis was used to describe the hydrogen bonding motifs.

    Main Results:

    • The title compound, C(18)H(14)N(2)O(3), possesses an approximately planar structure.
    • Intramolecular N-H⋯O and O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds stabilize the molecular conformation.
    • Intermolecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving the keto group result in the formation of one-dimensional strands along the [100] direction.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal structure of this aroylhydrazone is characterized by a combination of intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
    • The observed hydrogen bonding network dictates the supramolecular architecture in the solid state.
    • The findings contribute to the understanding of structure-property relationships in aroylhydrazone derivatives.