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Related Concept Videos

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles01:11

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Naming Amides
The IUPAC and common names of amides are derived from the parent carboxylic acid, by replacing the suffix “oic acid” and “ic acid,” respectively, with “amide.” In the following example, the IUPAC name ethanamide is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetamide, is obtained from acetic acid.
Nitrosation of Enols01:19

Nitrosation of Enols

The nitrosation reaction is one of the methods of preparing 1,2-diketones. The enol tautomer of the starting ketone reacts with sodium nitrite in hydrochloric acid, generating the 1,2-diketone after hydrolysis.
Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives01:28

Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Structure of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Carboxylic acid derivatives contain an acyl group attached to a heteroatom such as chlorine, oxygen, or nitrogen. The carbonyl carbon and oxygen are both sp2-hybridized with an unhybridized p orbital.
The three sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl carbon form three σ bonds, one each with the carbonyl oxygen, the α carbon, and the heteroatom, whereas the other two sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl oxygen are occupied by the lone pairs. Further, the unhybridized p...
Oxymercuration-Reduction of Alkenes02:36

Oxymercuration-Reduction of Alkenes

Oxymercuration–reduction of alkenes is one of the major reactions converting alkenes to alcohols. It involves the hydration of alkenes with mercuric acetate in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran and water, forming an organomercury adduct. This is followed by a demercuration step in which the adduct is reduced to an alcohol using sodium borohydride.
Phase I Reactions: Oxidation of Aliphatic and Aromatic Carbon-Containing Systems01:19

Phase I Reactions: Oxidation of Aliphatic and Aromatic Carbon-Containing Systems

Phase I biotransformation reactions are integral to drug metabolism, predominantly involving oxidative, reductive, and hydrolytic transformations. Chief among these are oxidative reactions, which enhance the hydrophilicity of xenobiotics and introduce polar functional groups to facilitate their elimination from the body.
Oxidation reactions are fundamental in aromatic carbon-containing systems. An example is the hydroxylation of phenobarbital, a process that transforms it into...
Alkynes to Carboxylic Acids: Oxidative Cleavage02:01

Alkynes to Carboxylic Acids: Oxidative Cleavage

Alkynes undergo oxidative cleavage in the presence of oxidizing reagents like potassium permanganate and ozone. The triple bond — one σ bond and two π bonds — is completely cleaved, and the alkyne is oxidized to carboxylic acids. When warm and basic aqueous potassium permanganate is used as an oxidizing agent, alkynes are first converted to carboxylate salts via an unstable α-diketone intermediate. Further, a mild acid treatment protonates the carboxylate anions generating free carboxylic acid...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Green Synthesis of Quinoline-Based Ionic Liquid
05:59

Green Synthesis of Quinoline-Based Ionic Liquid

Published on: September 27, 2024

Quinoxaline-2-carbonitrile.

Hoong-Kun Fun, Ching Kheng Quah, Annada C Maity

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study reveals that the quinoxaline compound exhibits π⋯π interactions due to short ring distances. Crystal packing analysis shows molecules forming 2D networks through specific C-H⋯N interactions.

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Supramolecular Chemistry
    • Organic Chemistry

    Background:

    • Quinoxaline derivatives are important in medicinal chemistry and materials science.
    • Understanding intermolecular interactions is crucial for crystal engineering and designing functional materials.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure and intermolecular interactions of a specific quinoxaline compound.
    • To investigate the role of π⋯π and C-H⋯N interactions in the crystal packing.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was used to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
    • Analysis of intermolecular distances and interaction types (π⋯π, C-H⋯N) was performed.

    Main Results:

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    Facile Preparation of 4-Substituted Quinazoline Derivatives
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    Facile Preparation of 4-Substituted Quinazoline Derivatives

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    Green Synthesis of Quinoline-Based Ionic Liquid
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    Facile Preparation of 4-Substituted Quinazoline Derivatives
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    Facile Preparation of 4-Substituted Quinazoline Derivatives

    Published on: February 15, 2016

  • The quinoxaline ring system was found to be essentially planar.
  • Short inter-molecular distances between ring centroids (3.6490(5) Å) indicate π⋯π interactions.
  • Crystal packing is characterized by multiple C-H⋯N interactions forming defined ring motifs and a 2D network.

    • Conclusions:

    • The studied quinoxaline compound displays significant π⋯π stacking interactions.
    • Intermolecular C-H⋯N interactions play a key role in organizing the crystal lattice into a two-dimensional network.
    • The findings contribute to the understanding of structure-property relationships in quinoxaline-based materials.