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Related Concept Videos

meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H

All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for the...
¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)01:20

¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)

When proton-coupled carbon-13 spectra are simplified by a broadband proton decoupling technique, structural information about the coupled protons is lost. Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) is a technique that provides information on the number of hydrogens attached to each carbon in a molecule. While the DEPT experiment utilizes complex pulse sequences, the pulse delay and flip angle are specifically manipulated. The resulting signals have different phases depending on...
Nitrosation of Enols01:19

Nitrosation of Enols

The nitrosation reaction is one of the methods of preparing 1,2-diketones. The enol tautomer of the starting ketone reacts with sodium nitrite in hydrochloric acid, generating the 1,2-diketone after hydrolysis.
Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols02:36

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.
Structure and Nomenclature of Epoxides02:38

Structure and Nomenclature of Epoxides

Cyclic ethers are heterocyclic compounds with an oxygen atom in the ring along with carbon atoms. They are named depending on the number of carbon atoms present in their ring system. Cyclic ethers with a three-membered ring system are called “oxirane”, four-membered ring systems as “oxetane”, five-membered ring systems as “oxolane”, and six-membered ring systems as “oxane”. The cyclic structure of these rings imposes angle strain, and this strain is more in the ring having a smaller number of...
ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH301:11

ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH3

All ortho–para directors, excluding halogens, are activating groups. These groups donate electrons to the ring, making the ring carbons electron-rich. Consequently, the reactivity of the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution increases. For instance, the nitration of anisole is about 10,000 times faster than the nitration of benzene. The electron-donating effect of the methoxy group in anisole activates the ortho and para positions on the ring and stabilizes the corresponding...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Cellular Lipid Extraction for Targeted Stable Isotope Dilution Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis
09:26

Cellular Lipid Extraction for Targeted Stable Isotope Dilution Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Published on: November 17, 2011

1,10-Bis(4-nitro-phen-oxy)deca-ne.

Toheed Akhter, Humaira M Siddiqi, Zareen Akhter

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study details the crystal structure of a compound (C22H28N2O6), revealing molecular symmetry and disorder. The molecules pack into sheets, offering insights into solid-state chemical arrangements.

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Solid-state chemistry
    • Molecular structure analysis

    Background:

    • Understanding the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in molecules is crucial for predicting chemical and physical properties.
    • Crystallographic studies provide precise structural data, essential for molecular design and materials science.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound C(22)H(28)N(2)O(6).
    • To investigate the molecular symmetry, disorder, and packing arrangement within the crystal lattice.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the crystal structure.
    • Analysis of the crystallographic data revealed the unit cell contents and molecular geometry.
    • Disorder in the central methylene groups was modeled using split atomic positions.

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    Regioselective O-Glycosylation of Nucleosides via the Temporary 2',3'-Diol Protection by a Boronic Ester for the Synthesis of Disaccharide Nucleosides

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    Main Results:

    • The asymmetric unit contains four crystallographically independent half-molecules, each located about an inversion center.
    • Significant positional disorder was observed in the central methylene groups of two molecules, occupying two equally probable sites.
    • The crystal structure is characterized by a layered packing motif, with molecules arranged in sheets parallel to the (14) crystallographic plane.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal structure of C(22)H(28)N(2)O(6) exhibits high molecular symmetry due to the presence of inversion centers.
    • The observed disorder in the methylene groups provides insights into the conformational flexibility of the molecule in the solid state.
    • The layered packing arrangement suggests potential anisotropic properties and influences intermolecular interactions within the crystal.