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Related Concept Videos

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
Preparation of Acid Anhydrides01:07

Preparation of Acid Anhydrides

One of the methods for preparing symmetrical or unsymmetrical acid anhydrides involves the treatment of acid chlorides with the sodium salt of carboxylic acids. The reaction proceeds via a nucleophilic acyl substitution.
The carboxylate ion acts as a nucleophile that attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Subsequently, the re-formation of the carbonyl group with the loss of the chloride ion as a leaving group leads to the formation of an acid...
Halogenation of Alkenes02:46

Halogenation of Alkenes

Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.
Determining the pH of Salt Solutions04:08

Determining the pH of Salt Solutions

The pH of a salt solution is determined by its component anions and cations. Salts that contain pH-neutral anions and the hydronium ion-producing cations form a solution with a pH less than 7. For example, in ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) solution, NO3− ions do not react with water whereas NH4+ ions produce the hydronium ions resulting in the acidic solution. In contrast, salts that contain pH-neutral cations and the hydroxide ion-producing anions form a solution with a pH greater than 7. For...
π Molecular Orbitals of the Allyl Cation and Anion01:18

π Molecular Orbitals of the Allyl Cation and Anion

An allyl group is a three-carbon conjugated system where the sp³-hybridized allylic carbon is bonded to a CH=CH2 group via a single bond. Allyl anions can be obtained by treating propene with a strong base that can deprotonate methyl groups. Allyl cations are formed as intermediates during substitution reactions involving allylic halides. In both cases, the hybridization of the allylic carbon changes from sp3 to sp2, giving rise to a carbon chain with three sp2-hybridized carbons, each with an...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives
08:43

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

Published on: January 19, 2016

2,6-Diethyl-anilinium perchlorate.

Wajda Smirani Sta, Mohamed Rzaigui, Salem S Al-Deyab

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study details the crystal structure of a molecular salt, C(10)H(16)N(+)·ClO(4) (-). It reveals disordered ethyl side chains and hydrogen bonding interactions forming ribbon-like structures.

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Solid-state chemistry
    • Molecular structure analysis

    Background:

    • Understanding molecular interactions is crucial for materials science.
    • Crystal structure determination provides insights into intermolecular forces.
    • Molecular salts offer diverse structural motifs and properties.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure of the molecular salt C(10)H(16)N(+)·ClO(4) (-).
    • To analyze the hydrogen bonding network and disorder within the crystal lattice.
    • To describe the arrangement of organic cations and perchlorate anions.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed.
    • The crystal structure was solved and refined.
    • Disorder in ethyl side chains was modeled.

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    Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles
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    Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

    Published on: August 22, 2018

    From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
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    From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

    Published on: March 24, 2018

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    Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives
    08:43

    Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

    Published on: January 19, 2016

    Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles
    11:45

    Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

    Published on: August 22, 2018

    From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
    06:44

    From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

    Published on: March 24, 2018

    Main Results:

    • The asymmetric unit contains two cations and two anions.
    • Disorder was observed in the ethyl side chains of a cation (0.531:0.469 ratio).
    • N-H⋯O, bifurcated N-H⋯(O,O) hydrogen bonds, and C-H⋯O interactions were identified.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal packing features alternating ribbons of organic cations and perchlorate anions along the a-axis.
    • The identified hydrogen bonding and disorder provide a detailed understanding of the molecular salt's solid-state structure.
    • This structural information is fundamental for predicting and designing materials with specific properties.