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Related Concept Videos

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene01:20

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by water loss...
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
The Equilibrium Constant03:10

The Equilibrium Constant

Consider the oxidation of sulfur dioxide:
Rate-Determining Steps03:08

Rate-Determining Steps

Relating Reaction Mechanisms
In a multistep reaction mechanism, one of the elementary steps progresses significantly slower than the others. This slowest step is called the rate-limiting step (or rate-determining step). A reaction cannot proceed faster than its slowest step, and hence, the rate-determining step limits the overall reaction rate.
The concept of rate-determining step can be understood from the analogy of a 4-lane freeway with a short-stretch of traffic-bottleneck caused due to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions
19:58

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Published on: July 30, 2017

2-Methyl-benzimidazolium nitrate.

Qingshuang Ma, Wenzeng Duan, Yudao Ma

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study reveals that intermolecular hydrogen bonds link molecules in the title compound, forming a chain structure along the b axis. This crystal structure analysis provides insights into molecular interactions.

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    Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives
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    Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

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    One-pot Microwave-assisted Conversion of Anomeric Nitrate-esters to Trichloroacetimidates
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    Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives
    08:43

    Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

    Published on: January 19, 2016

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Materials Science
    • Chemical Physics

    Background:

    • Understanding intermolecular forces is crucial for predicting material properties.
    • Hydrogen bonding plays a significant role in the self-assembly of molecular structures.
    • The specific compound C(8)H(9)N(2) (+)·NO(3) (-) was selected for structural investigation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, C(8)H(9)N(2) (+)·NO(3) (-).
    • To identify and characterize the intermolecular interactions present in the crystal lattice.
    • To describe the resulting supramolecular architecture.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the three-dimensional structure.
    • Analysis of bond lengths, bond angles, and intermolecular contacts was performed.
    • Hydrogen bond analysis was conducted to identify N-H⋯O interactions.

    Main Results:

    • The crystal structure of C(8)H(9)N(2) (+)·NO(3) (-) was successfully determined.
    • Intermolecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds were identified as the primary driving force for molecular assembly.
    • These hydrogen bonds connect the molecules into a one-dimensional chain extending along the b crystallographic axis.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal packing is dominated by intermolecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
    • The observed chain structure is a direct consequence of these specific hydrogen bonding interactions.
    • This structural information contributes to the understanding of organic salt crystal engineering.