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Related Concept Videos

Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with Multiple Substituents01:11

Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with Multiple Substituents

When more than one substituent is present on the benzene ring, the IUPAC nomenclature depends on the number of substituents present.
For disubstituted benzene derivatives, with two groups attached to the benzene ring, three constitutional isomers are possible. For example, consider dimethyl benzene, often called xylene, where the second methyl group can be substituted at the second, third, or fourth carbon. The relative position of the substituents is represented by prefixes ortho, meta, or...
Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism01:21

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism

Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
Some polymorphic crystals possess lower aqueous solubility than their amorphous counterparts, leading to incomplete absorption. For instance, the oral suspension of Chloramphenicol, which...
Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model01:18

Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model

According to the molecular orbital (MO) model, benzene has a planar structure with a regular hexagon of six sp2 hybridized carbons. As shown in Figure 1, each carbon is bonded to three other atoms with C–C–C and H–C–C bond angles of 120°. The C–H bond length is 109 pm, and the C–C bond length is 139 pm which is midway between the single bond length of sp3 hybridized carbons (154 pm) and sp2 hybridized carbons (133 pm).
Stereoisomerism02:52

Stereoisomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula.
Transition metal complexes often exist as geometric isomers, in which the same atoms are connected through the same types of bonds but with differences in their orientation in space. Coordination complexes with two different ligands in the cis and trans positions from a ligand of interest form isomers. For example, the octahedral [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ ion has two isomers (Figure 1) In the cis...
NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives01:37

NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives

Simple unsubstituted benzene has six aromatic protons, all chemically equivalent. Therefore, benzene exhibits only a singlet peak at δ 7.3 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum. The observed shift is far downfield because the aromatic ring current strongly deshields the protons. Any substitution on the benzene ring makes the aromatic protons nonequivalent, and the protons split each other. The peak is, therefore, no longer a singlet and the splitting pattern and their associated coupling constants depend...
Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with a Single Substituent01:23

Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with a Single Substituent

Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon or arene. The IUPAC names for simple monosubstituted benzene derivatives are derived by adding the substituent's name as a prefix to the parent benzene. For example, halobenzene, where the halogen could be fluoro (F), chloro (Cl), bromo (Br), and iodo (I).

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions
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Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Published on: July 30, 2017

2-Methyl-N-p-tolyl-benzamide: a second monoclinic polymorph.

Aamer Saeed, Rasheed Ahmad Khera, Jim Simpson

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study identifies a new polymorph of a known compound, C(15)H(15)NO, revealing distinct crystal structures and molecular arrangements. The findings contribute to understanding crystal polymorphism and molecular packing in organic compounds.

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    11:27

    X-Ray Crystallography to Study the Oligomeric State Transition of the Thermotoga maritima M42 Aminopeptidase TmPep1050

    Published on: May 13, 2020

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Solid-state chemistry
    • Organic chemistry

    Background:

    • Polymorphism is crucial in determining the physical and chemical properties of organic compounds.
    • Previous research documented a specific crystal structure for C(15)H(15)NO (Compound II).
    • Understanding structural variations is key to predicting material behavior.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To characterize a novel polymorph of C(15)H(15)NO (Compound I).
    • To compare the crystal structure of Compound I with the previously reported Compound II.
    • To elucidate the intermolecular interactions stabilizing the crystal structure of Compound I.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was employed to determine the crystal structure of Compound I.
    • Comparison of crystallographic data (space group, Z value) between Compound I and Compound II.
    • Analysis of dihedral angles and intermolecular interactions (hydrogen bonds, C-H···O, C-H···π contacts).

    Main Results:

    • Compound I crystallizes in the P2(1)/c space group with Z = 4, differing from Compound II (C2/c, Z = 8).
    • Minor differences in dihedral angles between the amide group and benzoyl ring, and the inclination of aromatic rings were observed.
    • N-H···O hydrogen bonds form C(4) chains, further stabilized by C-H···O and C-H···π interactions in Compound I.

    Conclusions:

    • The study successfully characterized a new polymorph of C(15)H(15)NO, highlighting structural variations.
    • The distinct crystal packing and intermolecular interactions in Compound I influence its solid-state properties.
    • This research contributes to the understanding of crystal polymorphism and structure-property relationships in organic molecules.