Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 1, 2026

11:45
Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles
Published on: August 22, 2018
2-(Morpholinium-4-yl)ethyl-ammonium sulfate methanol monosolvate
1College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, People's Republic of China.
Summary
The morpholinium ring in this crystal structure adopts a chair conformation. Extensive hydrogen bonding networks stabilize the overall crystal structure.
Area of Science:
- Crystallography
- Chemical Physics
- Materials Science
Background:
- Understanding molecular conformation and crystal packing is crucial in chemistry.
- Hydrogen bonding plays a significant role in stabilizing crystal structures.
- The morpholinium cation is a common structural motif in various chemical compounds.
Purpose of the Study:
- To determine the crystal structure of the title compound.
- To analyze the conformation of the morpholinium ring.
- To investigate the intermolecular interactions, specifically hydrogen bonding, within the crystal lattice.
Main Methods:
- Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to elucidate the three-dimensional structure.
- The crystal structure was analyzed to identify the conformation of the morpholinium ring.
- Intermolecular interactions, including hydrogen bonds, were characterized based on bond lengths and angles.
Main Results:
- The morpholinium ring within the dication adopts a chair conformation.
- The crystal structure is stabilized by a comprehensive three-dimensional network of intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
- Specific hydrogen bonds identified include O-H⋯O, N-H⋯O, O-H⋯S, and N-H⋯S interactions.
Conclusions:
- The chair conformation of the morpholinium ring is a key feature of this compound's structure.
- The extensive hydrogen bonding network is essential for the stability of the crystal lattice.
- This study provides detailed insights into the structural and bonding characteristics of morpholinium sulfate methanol solvate.
Related Concept Videos
Leveling Effect and Non-Aqueous Acid-Base Solutions
This lesson defines the leveling effect in acidic and basic solutions and its role in aqueous and non-aqueous solutions. It is essential to understand the competing nature of various species in a chemical system.
The Leveling Effect of a Solvent
A generic acid (HA) reacts with the generic base (B-) to yield the corresponding conjugate base (A-) and conjugate acid (HB):
The Leveling Effect of a Solvent
A generic acid (HA) reacts with the generic base (B-) to yield the corresponding conjugate base (A-) and conjugate acid (HB):
Structure of Amines
The hybridized nitrogen atom in amines possesses a lone pair of electrons and is bound to three substituents with a bond angle of around 108°, which is less than the tetrahedral angle of 109.5°. However, the C–N–H bond angle is slightly larger at 112°, with a carbon–nitrogen bond length of 147 pm. This carbon–nitrogen bond length of of amines is longer than the carbon–oxygen bond of alcohols (143 pm) but shorter than alkanes’ carbon–carbon bond (154 pm). These aspects are illustrated in Figure...
Nomenclature of Secondary and Tertiary Amines
The secondary and tertiary amines are derivatives of ammonia, where two and three of its hydrogens are replaced by alkyl groups, respectively. Secondary and tertiary amines can be symmetrical with identical alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom or unsymmetrical when more than one type of alkyl group is present. The standard nomenclature of secondary and tertiary amines is similar to the names given to the primary amines. They are generally named alkylamines. As depicted in Figure 1, for...
Weak Base Solutions
Some compounds produce hydroxide ions when dissolved by chemically reacting with water molecules. In all cases, these compounds react only partially and so are classified as weak bases. These types of compounds are also abundant in nature and important commodities in various technologies. For example, global production of the weak base ammonia is typically well over 100 metric tons annually, being widely used as an agricultural fertilizer, a raw material for chemical synthesis of other...
Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines
Alkylation is one of the methods used to prepare amines. Direct alkylation of ammonia or a primary amine with an alkyl halide gives polyalkylated amines along with a quaternary ammonium salt through successive SN2 reactions. This process of making the quaternary salt through the direct alkylation method is called exhaustive alkylation.
Each alkylation step makes the nitrogen center more nucleophilic, which triggers successive alkylations until a quaternary ammonium salt is formed. Considering...
Each alkylation step makes the nitrogen center more nucleophilic, which triggers successive alkylations until a quaternary ammonium salt is formed. Considering...

