Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO₂ Overview

Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by water loss...

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO₂ Mechanism

Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview

Cyanohydrins are compounds that contain –CN and –OH groups on the same carbon atom. They are formed by the nucleophilic addition of the cyanide ions to the carbonyl group. Cyanide ions are highly basic and nucleophilic and can be generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. However, since HCN is a weak acid, the number of cyanide ions generated is very small. Hence, a small amount of base or KCN/NaCN is added to HCN to increase the concentration of the cyanide ions in the reaction mixture.

Preparation of Nitriles

Preparation of Nitriles

One of the common methods to prepare nitriles is the dehydration of amides. This method requires strong dehydrating agents like phosphorous pentoxide or boiling acetic anhydride for converting amides to nitriles. Another reagent namely, thionyl chloride also accomplishes the dehydration of amides, where amide acts as a nucleophile. The first step of the mechanism involves the nucleophilic attack by the amide on the thionyl chloride to form an intermediate. In the next step, the electron pairs...

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Fabrication of a robust and ultra-sensitive SERS platform via photoaffinity labeling-mediated oriented and covalent antibody immobilization for aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> biosensing.

Biosensors & bioelectronics·2026

Same author

Synthesis, structural characterization, DFT calculation, and antitumor activity of a new Co(II) complex based on 2-((2'-Carboxybenzyl)oxy)benzoic acid and 2,2'-bipyridine ligands.

BMC chemistry·2026

Same author

A facile and effective electrochemical immunosensor based on controlled and oriented immobilization of natural antibodies for sensitive detection of aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub>.

Food chemistry·2025

Same author

Development of a bioluminescent immunoassay based on Fc-specific conjugated antibody-nanoluciferase immunoreagents for determining aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub>.

Food chemistry·2024

Same author

Fabrication of cysteine-modified antibodies with Fc-specific conjugation for covalent and oriented immobilization of native antibodies.

International journal of biological macromolecules·2024

Same author

The Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and DFT Calculation of a New Binuclear Gd(III) Complex with 4-Aacetylphenoxyacetic Acid and 1,10-Phenanthroline Ligands and Its Roles in Catalytic Activity.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

Published on: April 27, 2017

1,2-Bis(p-tolyl-sulfon-yl)hydrazine.

Wei-Fen Zhang, Ruo-Bao Li, Xi-Shi Tai

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|May 18, 2011

Summary

The crystal structure of C(14)H(16)N(2)O(4)S(2) reveals specific dihedral and torsion angles. Molecules self-assemble into a chain formation through hydrogen bonding interactions.

Area of Science:

Crystallography
Chemical Physics
Materials Science

Background:

Understanding molecular interactions and crystal packing is crucial for predicting material properties.
The specific compound C(14)H(16)N(2)O(4)S(2) presents an interesting case for structural analysis due to its unique functional groups.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the three-dimensional molecular structure of C(14)H(16)N(2)O(4)S(2).
To investigate the intermolecular interactions governing the crystal lattice.
To characterize the dihedral and torsion angles within the molecule and their impact on crystal formation.

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the precise atomic arrangement.
Analysis of bond lengths, bond angles, and torsion angles provided detailed structural information.

More Related Videos

Synthesis of Hypervalent Iodonium Alkynyl Triflates for the Application of Generating Cyanocarbenes

Synthesis of Hypervalent Iodonium Alkynyl Triflates for the Application of Generating Cyanocarbenes

Published on: September 8, 2013

Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions

Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions

Published on: July 17, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

Published on: April 27, 2017

Synthesis of Hypervalent Iodonium Alkynyl Triflates for the Application of Generating Cyanocarbenes

Synthesis of Hypervalent Iodonium Alkynyl Triflates for the Application of Generating Cyanocarbenes

Published on: September 8, 2013

Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions

Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions

Published on: July 17, 2020

Identification of hydrogen bonding networks through crystallographic data analysis.

Main Results:

The dihedral angle between the aromatic ring planes was determined to be 76.8(3)°.
The S-N-N-S torsion angle was found to be 122.5(3)°.
A characteristic chain structure was observed, facilitated by N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds between molecules.

Conclusions:

The study successfully characterized the crystal structure of C(14)H(16)N(2)O(4)S(2).
The identified dihedral and torsion angles are key structural parameters.
The formation of a chain structure via hydrogen bonding highlights the importance of intermolecular forces in crystal engineering.